Americanah: Analysis of Language and Accents

Americanah: Analysis of Language and Accents Americanah ISU Part 2 (Plot Summary) Pg. 1 Ifemelu speaks without the fake accent for the first time when taking a train to Aunty Ujus house. While on the train she meets Blaine, a Black American man, and they spend the trip talking. Blaine gives Ifemelu his phone number, but he never calls her back. The chapter is finished when a blog post about American Tribalism. Ifemelu says in her blog that there are four kinds of tribes in America: class, ideology, religion, and race. In chapter 18, it returns to the present day. Mariama has a new customer who notices a stack of Nigerian magazines and says that Nigerians are known for being criminals. The story again returns to the past. Kimberly introduces Curt and Ifemelu. The two begin to date and Curt tells her he his wealthy and his family has been hoteliers for hundreds of years. Kimberly is happy that the two are dating. Curt tells Ifemelu she is beautiful and he loves her body. She sometimes thinks of Obinze when they are together, but she tries not to compare them. Ifemelu is happy with Curt who spoils her with money and attention. Chapter 19, Graduation is drawing near, but Ifemelu isnt certain what she wants to do. Curt sets up an interview for her with a company that will help her get a work visa and start the process to get a green card. Ifemelu removes her braids and relaxes her hair. She does well at the interview and wonders if things would have gone so well if shed gone in with her natural hair. Chapter 20 starts with Ifemelu living in Baltimore. Ifemelu has her own apartment, but she spends most of her time at Curts. She continues to relax her hair and it begins to fall out of the temples. Wambui convinces her to cut her hair and let it go natural. Ifemelu cuts her hair very short and hates it. She is embarrassed by her hair and calls in sick to work the next day. The chapter ends with a blog post titled Why Dark-Skinned Black Women Both American and Non-American Love Barack Obama. In the post she says that black men like their women to be lighter skinned, but Obama married a woman who is not light skinned, so women like him. Chapter 21 begins on a Sunday morning with a call from Aunty Uju complaining about what Dike wants to wear to church. Uju is certain they will be talked about if he doesnt dress properly and shes been telling him to tone it down in school so he doesnt look so different. Ifemelu convinces Dike to wear the shirt his mother has chosen and says shell bring Curt to meet him on the weekend. The blog post at the end of the chapter is about how Non-American Blacks become black when they come to America and along with that comes all of the stereotypes and racial issues. In Chapter 22, Ifemelu runs into Kayode in a mall. Kayode tells her Obinze asked him to look her up and she feels numb at the mention of Obinzes name. Kayode tells her Obinze is in England and she feels betrayed to find out there have been changes to his life that she didnt know about. She tells Kayode she is with her boyfriend and walks away. She tells Curt she ran into a friend from high school, but wont say more. He asks if it was an old boyfriend because she seems upset. She says not, but refuses to explain. In Chapter 23, the focus of the novel shifts to Obinzes past when he lived in London. He is not there legally, so he cannot work. Obinze realizes Cleotilde is attracted to him and he asks her for her phone number. The Angolans say he should call them. Obinze gives Cleotilde his number asking if shed like to get together with him, and she says yes. Once in England, Obinze takes a job cleaning bathrooms, but quits when he walks into a stall to find someone has defecated on a toilet lid. He feels like the person who has done this was staging a performance somehow and it makes him feel small. Obinze and Ojiugo have a conversation about accents and Obinze wonders if Nigerians are more forgiving of their children raised in England because they have foreign accents. Chapter 25 talks about what drew Obinze to be friends with Emenike when they were in high school. Emenike was a sharp boy who was eager to be seen as someone who knew things and was of a higher class than he really was Obinze calls Emenike when he arrives in England, but Emenike puts him off repeatedly saying he is busy with work and travel. Obinze realizes Emenike has changed and will not help him get an NI number so he can work. He calls another friend, Iloba, who has always treated Obinze as a kinsman. Iloba puts Obinze in touch with a man named Vincent who agrees to let Obinze use his NI number in exchange for thirty-five percent of his pay. In Chapter 26, Obinze is working at various jobs under the name of Vincent. He works a job in a warehouse where Roy Snell, an Englishman, is his boss. Roy treats him kindly and Obinze fits in well with the other workers. Obinze realizes that Nigels reaction has to do with the mans accent and that if he had spoken differently, Nigel would have complained about not receiving a tip. Chapter 31 shifts back to Ifemelus past. She has just broken up with Curt after having cheated on him with a man who lives in her apartment complex. She tells Ginika the relationship just didnt feel right. Ifemelu tries to reconcile with Curt, but he will not talk to her. She finally accepts the end of the relationship and thinks there must be something wrong with her. She feels like she doesnt completely know herself. In Chapter 32, Aunty Uju tells Ifemelu she has joined African Doctors for Africa and met a man named Kweku who is also a doctor. She says he treats her like a princess and reminds her that Curt treated her that way, too. Kweku also treats Dike well, which makes Ifemelu like him. When Ifemelu tells Dike she has broke up with Curt, he asks her if shell be okay and brings her a tray with a banana and a can of peanuts on it. Chapter 33 begins by talking about how Ifemelus blog has grown. She has gained many readers and is receiving donations from people who want to support the blog. She is also being paid to advertise on her blog. She is immersed in the blog and checks her email often and eagerly. Ifemelu also begins being invited to speak at diversity conferences. Americanah ISU Part 2 (Literary Analysis) Pg.3 Books: Books are a symbol of a better life. Obinze is, from the start, a great lover of books. He is particularly fond of American novels as a teen because he aspires to move to America where he believes he will have a better life. Later, when he is living in England as an illegal immigrant, his escape from his bleak reality is found in bookstores where he treats himself to an expensive coffee and sits among the books reading as much as he can. Ifemelu becomes a lover of books, too, after she moves to America and Obinze encourages her to read more American novels to learn more about the culture there. She goes to the library and loves it there where the books are in great shape and have all their pages, unlike the books she had in Nigeria. When Obinze and Ifemelu are reunited in Nigeria, their first meeting takes place at a bookstore called Jazzhole. Ifemelu tells Obinze shes going there to buy a book and he meets her there where their new journey toward a better life together begins. . Accents: Accents are a symbol of a persons place in society. Ifemelu first learns this when she registers for her college classes and is treated like she is unintelligent and cant understand English because of her Nigerian accent. After that, she adopts an American accent for a time. While in England, Obinze clearly sees how people are treated differently based on their accents. He wonders if his cousin and his cousins wife are easier on their kids because they have English accents. And, during one delivery for the warehouse he works at, he and Nigel meet a very shabby looking man who speaks with a posh English accent. In spite of his looks, Nigel says the man is a real gent and Obinze realizes Nigel reacts to the man in that manner because of the mans accent. American sitcoms: The American sitcoms that Ifemelu grows up watching symbolize the life she thinks she will have when she moves to America. These shows feature affluent black families and Ifemelu believes that is how Uju is living in America and that is how she will live, too. However, when she arrives in America, Ifemelu discovers thats not the case at all. Uju is working three jobs to support herself and Dike while she attends school. She is tired and has let her appearance go. Ifemelu is initially unable to find work and lives in poverty, even degrading herself just to pay the rent. She also encounters issues of race that she never saw on the sitcoms. She discovers that Black Americans are often treated as though they are of a lower class than White Americans. In fact, she never identified as Black until she moved to America. Blogs: Ifemelus blogs represent freedom for her. Through Ifemelus blog writing, she is financially secure and free to live a life that is not dependent on a man like Ujus life with The General or Ranyinudos life with Don. The blogs also give her the freedom to express herself and talk about topics that are of interest to her. This freedom is the main reason Ifemelu quits her job at Zoe to start her second blog. Americanah ISU Part 1 (Quotation Analysis) Pg. 5 This was his weekly treat; to visit the bookshop, buy an overpriced caffeinated drink, read as much as he could for free, and become Obinze again. Narrator (Part 3, Chapter 27 paragraph 1) In the novel, books are a symbol of a better life. When Obinze is living in England with little money and a fear of being deported, he finds comfort among books and is able to regain something of his old life and dignity there. Their union was leached of passion, but there was a new passion, outside of themselves, that united them in intimacy they had never had before, an unfixed, unspoken, intuitive intimacy: Barack Obama. They agreed, without any prodding, without the shadows of obligation or compromise, on Barack Obama. Narrator (Part 4, Chapter 40 paragraph 1) This quote is a foreshadowing of the demise of Ifemelus and Blaines relationship. After they get back together following the argument about the protest Ifemelu failed to attend, the only thing they truly agree on is that they both want Barack Obama to be elected president. However, the relationship is never the same again, making it easy for Ifemelu to leave Blaine behind when she returns to Nigeria. I worry that she will end up like many women in Lagos who define their lives by men they can never truly have, crippled by their culture of dependence, with desperation in their eyes and designer handbags on their wrists. Ifemelu (Part 7, Chapter 50 paragraph Part 7, Chapter 50) This quote comes from a blog post that Ifemelu writes for her blog in Nigeria. It is about Ranyinudos relationship with Don, but could just as easily have been said about Aunty Uju when she was with The General. The quote is significant to the theme of the role of women since this is one of the choices Ifemelu could have made for her life. At the Abuja airport on his way back to Lagos, he thought of going to the international wing instead, buying a ticket to somewhere improbable, like Malabo. Then he felt a passing self-disgust because he would not, of course, do it; he would instead do what he was expected to do. Narrator (Part 7, Chapter 54 paragraph 23) This quotation shows Obinzes desire to leave his marriage and change his life, but feeling as though he cannot because he has a responsibility to his wife and daughter. It shows his internal struggle with the direction his life should take.

Crude oil and its value to society

Although crude oil may look like earths natural pollution, behind that thick black exterior lies one of the most important raw materials on earth. Crude oil is formed when dying plants and animals become immediately covered by sediments in seas and swamps. This prevents them from decaying and as further sediments build up the plant and animals become buried deeper and deeper. Now this takes place over millions of years and immense pressure and heat (120oc) build up and eventually these organisms turn to oil. Now this raw material is given the name as a fossil fuel because of the fact that it is the fossils remains that are turning into the oil. It can be said that when we are burning the fossil fuel we are in fact using the sun's energy which has been stored as chemical energy in the fossils for millions of years. The relative high carbon content is due to small microscopic plankton organisms.Coke and Pepsi On average, crude oils are made of the following elements or compounds: * Carbon – 84% * Hydrogen – 14% * Sulfur – 1 to 3% (hydrogen sulfide, sulfides, disulfides, elemental sulfur) * Nitrogen – less than 1% (basic compounds with amine groups) * Oxygen – less than 1% (found in organic compounds such as carbon dioxide, phenols, ketones, carboxylic acids) * Metals – less than 1% (nickel, iron, vanadium, copper, arsenic) * Salts – less than 1% (sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride) Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons which are basically molecules which contain hydrogen and carbon. The hydrocarbons may vary in length and structure, from straight to branching chains and rings. Now hydrocarbons are the reason why crude oil is so important because it can do two things. 1. Hydrocarbons contain a lot of energy which can be used by man to do numerous tasks e.g. electricity generation, transport, heat etc 2. Hydrocarbons can take many different forms. The smallest formation of hydrocarbons is methane which is a gas that is lighter than air. Longer chains with 5 or more carbons are liquids whilst very long formations may be solid like wax. This is the reason why hydrocarbons are so important is because it is so versatile. By chemically cross linking hydrocarbon chains you can produce almost anything from synthetic rubber to Kerosene. In fact 70% of Britain's organic chemicals are produced due to the hydrocarbons present in crude oil. The major classes of hydrocarbons in crude oils include: * Paraffins * general formula: CnH2n+2 (n is a whole number, usually from 1 to 20) * straight- or branched-chain molecules * can be gasses or liquids at room temperature depending upon the molecule * examples: methane, ethane, propane, butane, isobutane, pentane, hexane * Aromatics * general formula: C6H5 – Y (Y is a longer, straight molecule that connects to the benzene ring) * ringed structures with one or more rings * rings contain six carbon atoms, with alternating double and single bonds between the carbons * typically liquids * examples: benzene * Napthenes or Cycloalkanes * general formula: CnH2n (n is a whole number usually from 1 to 20) * ringed structures with one or more rings * rings contain only single bonds between the carbon atoms * typically liquids at room temperature * examples: cyclohexane, methyl cyclopentane * Other hydrocarbons * Alkenes * general formula: CnH2n (n is a whole number, usually from 1 to 20) * linear or branched chain molecules containing one carbon-carbon double-bond * can be liquid or gas * examples: ethylene, butene, isobutene * Dienes and Alkynes * general formula: CnH2n-2 (n is a whole number, usually from 1 to 20) * linear or branched chain molecules containing two carbon-carbon double-bonds * can be liquid or gas * examples: acetylene, butadienes However, before we get products such as synthetic rubber the crude oil must be extracted from its reserves and then processed. Today the leading producers of crude oil include, Texas, California, Alaska, Iran, Kuwait, the middle-east etc. As you can see oil can be found all over the world and therefore different extraction methods are put into progress. Before an oil-rig/well is dug, scientific methods are put into place to determine where to find the oil. Gravimeters and magnetometers and seismographs are used to identify the subsurface rock formations which could hold crude oil. Drilling for the crude oil can be extremely difficult due to these conditions and is often a risky process e.g. some wells must be dug 7 miles deep before some oil stores are found. Today much of the oil extraction is located off shore on platforms standing on the ocean bed. In order for the oil to come up to the oil rig it has to be pumped up by using water, gas or air to force it out. Once the oil has been collected it is often transported by tanker or pipeline to the refinery. Crude oil in its raw form is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons where the hydrocarbons are of varied mass, have differing boiling temperatures and differing lengths. Now as I have mentioned previously these hydrocarbons can be very useful but before we can use them they must be made into smaller more useful hydrocarbons. This state can be achieved through a process called fractional distillation. The technique for this process uses the differing boiling temperatures of the molecules in the crude oil so that all differing molecules can be separated. The long chained hydrocarbons are broken down into narrower fractions where the boiling point amongst that fraction does not vary immensely. This process takes place in a specially designed fractional distillation column. Process 1. Crude oil is vaporized by passing through pipes in a furnace where the oil is heated to 600 degrees Celsius. 2. The oil will then boil forming vapor (gas) 3. The oil is then fed into the distillation chamber towards the bottom. 4. The distillation chamber may be 100m high and consist of vertically stacking rows of steel trays. The trays have many holes (bubble caps) in them to allow the vapor and the liquids to pass through them. The trays will help to collect the liquids that form at various heights in the column. The liquids will flow down the tray over a wier. 5. The reason why the oil is separated into narrower fractions can be explained by looking at the temperature gradient in the column. At the bottom of the tank it is extremely hot due to the freshly fed oil vapor and at the top it is cool. As the vapor passes through the tray it will come into contact with a slightly cooler liquid. This causes some of the hydrogen molecules to condense in that tray causing more violate hydrocarbons in the liquid to evaporate. This process will take place at each tray and in each tray a unique narrow range of hydrocarbons with similar properties will form. After approx 45 condensations and evaporations have taken place the crude oil has been separated into fractions. 6. The collected liquid fractions may either pass to condensers, which cool them further, and then go to storage tanks. Or go to other areas for further chemical processing. The more volatile hydrocarbons with the low boiling point form at the top of the tank and the least volatile hydrocarbons with high boiling point at the bottom. Once operating the column may be kept in an equilibrium state by maintaining the input of the crude oil at a flow rate which balances the total of the flow rate at which the fractions are removed. When a steady state exists the compositions of the liquid and vapor at any one tray do not vary. This enables the fractions at each tray to be drawn individually when required. Each tray will contain a narrow range of fractions with a narrow range of boiling points. The fractional distillation column will separate the crude oil into the following fractions: Refinery gasses, gasoline and naphtha, Kerosene, gas (diesel), oil and residue. Refinery gasses – Consist of simple alkanes containing up to four carbon atoms. They are used as fuels or as a source for building other molecules. Gasoline – Contains Alkanes with 5 – 10 carbons in the chain and is used in petrol. Naphtha – Most important source of chemicals for the chemical process industry. Kerosene – is used for jet fuel and domestic heating. Gas oil – is used as diesel fuel and as a feedstock for catalyst cracking. Residue – used as a source of lubricating oils and wax and bitumen. Bitumen – when mixed with crushed stone is the tarmac compound used for road surfaces. Although the crude oil has been separated into useful fraction, some of the separated ‘trays' can be further processed to form products that are even more useful. Cracking – To obtain more useful alkanes and alkenes Heating the oil fractions with a catalyst. Under these conditions it can brake-down high molecular mass alkanes into low molecular mass alkanes as well as alkenes. The cracking is a random process by which both C-H and C-C bonds can be broken. Therefore it is possible for by products to be produced like: Hydrogen and branched chain alkane isomers. For example Decane can be broken into: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 (Decane) H | à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CH3CH2CH=CH2 + H3C- C-CH3CH2CH3 (But-1-ene) | CH3 (2-methylpentane) Decane is broken into these two isomers because there is a larger requirement for small chain isomers than larger ones. After the cracking the hot vaporized oil fraction and the catalyst behave as a fluid. This is called the fluidized bed. Some of the hydrocarbon fraction can be broke down into carbon which can block the pores of the catalyst. We can recycle the catalyst by pumping it into the regeneration chamber where the carbon coke is burnt off in air at high temperatures. Isomerisation Is the process which we use to obtain branched alkanes. The process involves heating the straight chain alkanes with platinum catalyst to form Branched chain alkanes: CH3 | CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ H3C-C-CH2CH3 | CH3 (Hexane) (2,2-dimethylbutane) However these newly formed branched chain alkanes have to be separated from the straight chain alkanes and this is done by a molecular sieve. The sieve is a type of zeolite that has pores through which the straight chain alkanes can pass through but the branched chain alkanes cannot due to there bulky shape and thus they are separated off. The straight chain alkanes may then be recycled to the reactor. Reforming This involves the conversion of alkanes to cycloalkanes or cycloalkanes to arenes using a bimetallic catalyst. For example a cluster of platinum and rhenium atoms is very effective in removing hydrogen atoms from methylcyclohexane to form methylbenzene. (Methylcyclohexane) (Methylbenzene) A catalyst containing Clusters of iridium atoms and platinum enables conversions of straight chain alkanes to arenes: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 + 4H2 (Hexane) The metal clusters have to be between 1 and 5nm thick and are deposited on an inert support such as aluminum oxide. The Rhenium and the iridium help prevent the build up of carbon deposits which reduce the activity of the catalyst. Why are Alkanes fuels? The reason for this is because of their reaction with oxygen. Alkane (fuel) + Oxygen (or other oxidizer) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Oxidation products + Energy transfer This basically means that a fuel must react with oxygen to release large amounts of energy and Oxidation products that aren't extremely harmful to mankind. Although different chains of alkanes can produce different energy amounts and byproducts and are used for different purposes, they all comply with this equation. Below I will list the ideal characteristics which all fuels must have. * A fuel must react with an oxidizer to release large amounts of energy. * A Fuel must be oxidized fairly easily, ignite quickly and sustain burning without further intervention. * A fuel should be readily available, in large quantities and at a reasonable price. * A fuel should not burn to give products that are difficult to dispose of, or are unpleasant and harmful. * A fuel should be convenient to store and transport safely without loss. So obviously different fuels are used in different environments. In Industry For example larger fuels that produce a lot of energy that may give off lots of harmful gasses can be used. This is because in industry it will have the relevant equipment to extract the dangerous fumes and dispose of them safely. In homes however where there won't be the relevant equipment to handle toxic fuels, more environmental friendly fuels can be used like gas. And for transport we have to consider the transporting of fuel issue so petrol which is a liquid can be used rather than more environmental friendly hydrogen as there is a possibility of leakage as it is a gas. However the world is subject to change so in 10 years time other fuels maybe used in place of these. Problems with these fuels There are various problems with these fuels. One of the major ones is that we as a nation rely on them too much (Coal, oil and gas). As they are fossil fuels they are in effect none renewable resources. At our rate of consumption it is predicted that these resource will be depleted within 100 years. Also the fossil fuels are the raw materials which supply the feed stock for our chemical industry. They can be processed to produce useful products such as; Polymers, medicines, solvents, adhesives etc. So how long can we afford to burn our chemical feedstock? There is also the issue of carbon dioxide emissions of these fuels. This is the major contributor to the greenhouse effect which causes the temperature of our environment to increase dramatically. Due to this, precautions are being made to reduce these emissions. Britain has been set a target to reduce its emissions by 35%. This could be achieved by the outright ban of coal and oil but nations are reluctant to do this as they have become so reliant on these resources. There is also the possibility of a spillage which can pollute rivers and streams and the environment. This can cause death to animals and plant life and there is also the enormous cost of cleaning it up after the disaster. If the carbon based fuel does not completely combust in the furnaces, carbon monoxide is produced and this can cause death by interfering with the blood stream. 2C + O2 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2CO (impartial oxidation to give carbon monoxide) Also sulphur and nitrogen dioxide can be produced which contribute to harmful acid rain. Development of renewable resources As our reserves of fossil fuels are limited we must find alternative sources of energy. In the search for the alternatives, chemists and other scientists are now working to develop renewable resources such as: Biofuels This is when plants are grown to be used directly as fuels e.g. wood, animal waste and plant waste to produce alcohol and using waste products to produce biogas. Advantages – Renewable, help to reduce waste, used with simple technology. Disadvantages – Not large enough supply to replace fossil fuels at present rate of use. Nuclear Fuels Chain reaction involving the nuclei of isotopes of uranium 235 splitting to produce vast amounts of energy. Advantages – No carbon, nitrogen or sulphur as polluting byproducts. Disadvantages – Radioactive waste products are difficult to store and treat; which is a very expensive process Moving air: wind Energy of moving air is transferred into the motion of windmills and wind turbines Advantages – Renewable pollution and waste free; can be used in locality where energy is needed Disadvantages – Expensive, not reliable, noisy and ugly to the environment Hydroelectricity Water stored behind dams and waterfalls can be released and generate electricity by turning a generator. Advantages – Renewable, predictable, waste free and can be used on large scale. Disadvantages – Expensive to install, environmental impact of dams etc. Solar panels Panels of solar heat collectors, used to heat water in parts of world were sun is plentiful. Advantages – Renewable, no pollution Disadvantages – Require a lot of sunshine, Expensive initial cost, Very large scale to be suitable. Hydrogen Hydrogen is extracted quite cheaply from water by electrolysis and is used as a fuel. Advantages – No pollution as water is the only waste product. Disadvantages – Too dangerous and explosive, difficult to store and to use for transport or in domestic situations. Bibliography I would like to thank the following books, websites and teachers which I have used information from: Mrs. Chapman (teacher) www.Howstuffworks.com (website) Microsoft Encarta 2002 (CD ROM) Cambridge chemistry 1 by Brian Ratcliff (Book) Chemists in context Second edition by GC Hill and JS Holman (Book) Please note that I have used the information in no particular order however the information taken exactly from the resources has been written in italic. Matthew Stothers Chemistry

Changes in Nursing Essay

Nursing Passed Down Through the Generations Everyone has probably noticed all of the changes in technology in the last fifty years. Now there are cell phones, tablets, home computers, and so much more. All of these devices are often used every day by all kinds of people in all different professions. People use cell phones to call their bosses and other people around the world for business. Some people use computers all day every day for bookkeeping, journaling and various other jobs. Many people in the medical field use computers, cellphones, and so many other kinds of technology every day, especially nurses. Technology is not the only advancement or change in nursing, there has also been changes in medications, uniforms, racial and gender roles, schooling, and other areas. Nurses can take better care of their patients due to the advancements of medicine and technology in the last fifty years. New machines and computers are always invented that help nurses do their job better. According to Charlene Boyle, a retired nurse, in h er interview stated while she worked they had to write all of the patients’ information down and papers and information got lost or accidentally thrown away. In her last few years working the hospitals and doctor’s offices started to get computers in all the hospitals and she said it was a huge change. She said that the computers helped keep the information more organized and easier to find (Boyle Interview). In the article by Julie Blanche called Nursing 50 Years Back and Today: How the Nursing Field Has Changed over the Last 50 Years, she says, â€Å"Nurses also benefited from wireless technology, as they were able to bring their laptop computers into the patient rooms so they could perform other functions, such as admissions work, while keeping an eye on the patients† (Blanche 2). Technology did not only help nurses keep track of patient information, machines and other devices were created to help nurses better treat patients with health issues. Technology he lps nurses perform jobs faster and with fewer errors. Fifty years ago doctors and nurses started using the ultrasound machines on pregnant women. Now it is typical for all women to get an ultrasound. According to The History of Insulin Pumps by Elliot Bethke, insulin pumps were invented in 1963 and they were so big it was basically a backpack diabetics had to wear around. Now they are small and most people wouldn’t even notice it if someone was wearing one  (Bethke 1). According to Julie Blanche in Nursing 50 Years Back and Today: How the Nursing Field Has Changed over the Last 50 Years, hospitals made an effort to make it easier for nurses to do their jobs well. The hospitals paid for new bedside technology, including an automated medication-administration system and wireless computers. The medication-administration check requires bar codes for medication, nurses and patients, ensuring that nurses will make fewer errors. With a simple scan, nurses learn if the medication matches the patient and the physician’s order (Bl anche 1). The advancements in technology helps nurses to keep track of patients’ information as well as allowing them to treat the patients in more effective ways. In order to learn about all of the changing technology, the schooling that nurses were required to take was also changed. There has also been many changes in schooling for a nurse. Charlene Boyle, a retired nurse, stated that by her senior year she was running the floor along with the other seniors in her class. She also said â€Å"I had to go to school for three years with one month off a year. Currently to be a Registered Nurse or RN, you have to go to school for four years with your summers off† (Boyle Interview). In A History of American Nursing: Trends and Eras by Deborah Judd, Kathleen Sitzman, and Megan Davis state until the 1960s, most nurses were diploma nurses, nurses who only had their high school diploma, and their education was provided by a hospital or hospital school, not a college or universi ty. Judd, Sitzman, and Davis also state â€Å"Nursing has debated two questions related to education for almost 50 years. First, what should the entry level of education be for practice as a registered nurse – associate or baccalaureate? Secondly, should all nurses be required to participate in continuing education as a part of active or inactive practice?† (Judd, Davis, and Sitzman 187). The book by Davis, Judd, and Sitzman included a survey asking nurses what level of education they have received. According to the survey, 34% of the nurses interviewed have received their associate’s degree, 31% have their baccalaureates degree, 10% have earned their master’s degree or PhD, 16 % have their associate’s degree and are working towards their baccalaureates degree, and 3% are diploma nurses (Judd, Davis, and Sitzman 190). Just as schooling and technology has been improved so have the uniforms that nurses are required to wear. When someone says the word nurse most people invision a woman in a white suit with a red cross on her hat,  but that is not what modern day nurses w ear. Uniform is another major change in the last 50 years. According to Julie Blanche in Nursing 50 Years Back and Today: How the Nursing Field Has Changed over the Last 50 Years, the nurse’s uniforms 50 years ago were the typical white, starch outfits. â€Å"In the 1960s, nurses still wore dresses and stocking as their uniforms†¦ The uniforms also take a turn in the direction of more fashionable than in the past. Some of the more modern touches include belts and feminine cuffs. Don’t forget the hat that was an essential part of the nurse’s uniform† (Blanche 1). Blanche also explained the modern-day uniforms, â€Å"During the 1990s and today, nursing dresses have been replaced with much more user friendly scrub suits. Scrub suits can be found in a wide variety of colors and styles. Some hospitals have specific scrub suit colors for different types of hospital staff and others allow nurses and other staff to choose colors and styles that appeal to th em.† (Blanche 1). Since the uniform has changed that also means that the places where nurses work must have also evolved. The hospitals, doctor’s offices and wherever else a nurse might work were all changing. The hospitals and offices were getting new technology and better prepared nurses. Along with better prepared nurses comes a higher pay and more complex jobs for the nurses to complete. Charlene Boyle, a retired nurse, stated in her interview that when she was a nurse, the job was definitely a lot simpler than it is now. Now it is more complex. She also talked about her average pay as a nurse. She started out getting $400 to $500 a month but by the time she retired she was getting $40 an hour (Boyle Interview). According to TheRichest website by TheRichest an average wage for a nurse today is about $28 an hour (TheRichest 1). The hours that nurses work have stayed the same. Charlene Boyle continued â€Å"I worked eight hour shifts. Sometimes took a day shift from 7 a.m. to 3 p.m. or night shift from 7 p.m. to 3 a.m. This is what made me start drinking coffee† (Boyle Interview). Changes in technology, schooling, uniforms, hours, and pay are not the only changes in nursing in the last fifty years, there have also been changes in gender and race. The role of a nurse fifty years ago was always a woman’s job. Normally men were the doctors. Charlene Boyle, in her interview recalled â€Å"I had thirty-three people in my class. All of them were women and only one of them was Black all the rest of us were Caucasian† (Boyle). Fifty years ago the Civil Rights Movement was in its  final years and some people were still against African-Americans, which is why it was very uncommon for an African-American to be a nurse. In modern times, men and African Americans are both nurses. Although it is still fairly uncommon to see a male nurse. The change in gender and race are big social changes. There have also been changes in where the role of nurses takes place. According to Judd, Sitzman, and Davis in A History of American Nursing: Trends and Eras nearly a century ago people cared for their family at home. From the beginning of the 20th century until now, hospitals have become part of everyday life. Hospitals have become places where moth ers bear their children, medical specialties achieve perfection, and new inventions were proved. It is also a place where nurses care for those who need to be cured as well as those who need relief from pain or suffering (Judd, Davis, and Sitzman 192). Before there were hospitals, mothers took the role of nurses. They took care of their children as well as they could with homemade remedies and other medical tips they had learned from their mothers. Now there are hospitals and doctor offices where people go in regularly for check-ups, illness, and injuries. We even have an emergency room where people in urgent need of medical attention go for help. Recently they have also come out with Quick Care offices, most are in Hy-Vee’s and patients can run in and it only takes about ten to twenty minutes for the doctors to diagnose the patient’s sickness. Then they prescribe medicine for the patients that they can fill right at the store’s pharmacy. It makes going to the doctor a lot faster and cheaper. The prices for a doctor’s visit have also changed. According to Charlene Boyle, a retired nurse, in her interview she said that in the 1960’s is cost about $5 to go to the doctor and today it can cost anywher e from $100 to $200 for one visit. It seems ridiculous (Boyle). Hospitals have made it easier for people to get treated for diseases and made it easier on parents to keep their children healthy. Although the prices for doctor’s visits went up, now there is insurance. Insurance helps people pay for visits to the hospital and to doctor’s offices. With all the changes in technology and medicine over the last fifty years, nurses have definitely been able to take better care of patients. The nurses are more prepared and they have more advanced technology to help their patients. Nursing is not the only branch in the medical field that has made advancements. Many more medical careers have  made advancements. The medical field as a whole has improved and has become part of everyday life. Works Cited Bethke, Elliot. â€Å"The History of Insulin Pumps.† – BIOE 414 Instrumentation Projects. The Board of Trustees at the University of Illinois, College of Engineering, 13 Dec. 2011. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. Blanche, Julie. â€Å"Nursing 50 Years Back and Today: How the Nursing Field Has Changed Over the Last 50 Years.† HeatheCareers Network. HealtheCareers, 2 Nov. 2010. Web. 15 Sept. 2013 Boyle, Charlene. Life as a Nurse. Telephone interview. 28 Sept. 2013. Judd, Deborah M., Kathleen Sitzman, and Megan Davis. A History of American Nursing: Trends and Eras. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2010. Print. TheRichest. â€Å"Registered Nurse Salary – How Much Does Registered Nurses Make?† Celebrity Net worth Richest People in the World Registered Nurse Salary How Much Does Registered Nurses Make Comments. Google+, 3 June 2012. Web. 14 Oct. 2013.

The Importance Of Corporate Communication On The Company...

Review of Subject This essay discusses the importance of corporate communication in business operations, and various areas where communication strategy has an impact, such as marketing, quality management, technical support, public relationships, investor relationship, employee relationship, and research. Communication is especially critical in crisis management, and research shows while crisis affects customer loyalty and future sales, prompt communication and appropriate recovery actions will help customer regain confidence in the company. A study recommended that leaders should only communicate after thoroughly understanding the needs and interest of the audience. The essay also explores the recent public safety concern of Samsung†¦show more content†¦External stakeholders include customers, suppliers, shareholders, and the public. Social Media is changing the communication landscape, and employees need to be careful about casual conversations to blogs and tweets. Twitter and social media reporting now become part of a listening system for user or public sentiment about a company’s brand or products, with companies hiring representatives to monitor and respond to social media postings. Such representatives need to follow business ethics when replying on social media, including revealing their association with the company and its products. Communication involves a sender, a receiver, and the content (message). Receivers’ characteristics such as personality, attitude, motivation, and perception affect how the message is received and decoded, regardless of the media used and the actual content (Kreitner, R., Kinicki, 2013, pp. 399-401). Communication can be verbal or non-verbal. With words, effective communication needs the right choice of media in delivering the message. Media differs in richness from low richness for impersonal static media, such as newsletter, to high richness for face-to-face conversations. 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