The Negative Portrayal of Mothers in Disney Films :: Movies

The Negative Portrayal of Mothers in Disney Films How can it be that in Disney made movies, the nurturing figures and good examples are totally reduced though the protective jobs are indulgent? For what reason does for the most part a lady assume the job of the vilan? In the event that you notice, you will find that in pretty much every exemplary Disney film, the mother is depicted in an unpleasant and faulty manner. Be that as it may, there is consistently a caring or male figure that everybody brags about. In the first place, let us start with the movies where the principle character neglects to have a mother referenced or seen by any means: The exemplary film of Aladdin; neither Aladdin nor Princess Jasmine had a nurturing figure. Yet, Aladdin had the Genie, who was male, and Jasmine had her dad, who was additionally male. Magnificence and the Beast is another Disney film where there is a male figure but then once more, the passing of a female good example. Beauty is raised by just her dad, and there is no word about where her mom is or what befell her. Another most loved of the Disney Classic movies is that of The Little Mermaid. In this film, Ariel is raised by her amazingly predominant dad, and every last bit of her companions are male. Things being what they are, whatever did happen to her mom, and did she ever know her? Pinnocchio is another extraordinary film, yet he increases another dad however never another mother. He is raised by Gepeto, the skilled worker, and is then recei ved by Gepeto.

Human sexuality Essay Example for Free

Human sexuality Essay She was scarcely eight years of age when along with seven of her age mates ,she was given over to a conventional circumciser who took them through the difficult procedure of FGM. it has been numerous years since ,and she has achieved such a great amount throughout everyday life, except the episode stays new in her psyche. The elderly person who took them through the procedure was going visually impaired, she says, and three of the eight who experienced the method kicked the bucket because of over the top dying. One of them was her dear companion. Fortunately for her, the draining was not all that much and she had a guardian angel close by. Her dad, who was a cop, took her to a medical clinic in Garissa utilizing a police land meanderer. This was the damaging experience that designated Member of Parliament, Sophia Abdi Noor experienced when her mom favored her to experience the soul changing experience that would wash down her and make her adequate for marriage as indicated by convention. At no other time in history of the august house had a part utilized her own background to move banter as Ms. Sophia did when supporting the bill to ban female genital mutilation. Female genital mutilation is the term utilized for activities or evacuation of all or simply part of the outer pieces of female genitilia. This training has for quite a while gone under progressively serious global examination from the news media, women's activist and human rights associations. The principle purposes behind continuation of FGM are right off the bat, as a transitional experience from girlhood to womanhood; a circumcised lady is viewed as adult, devoted and mindful of her job in the family and society. Also, FGM is propagated as a methods for lessening sexual want of young ladies and ladies, accordingly controling sexual movement previously and guaranteeing constancy inside marriage. Despite the fact that resistance to female ‘circumcision’ has been verbalized all through the twentieth century, beginning with ministers and frontier chairmen, the present resurgence of irateness was touched off partially by activists at meetings regarding the United Nations Decade for women(1975-1985). (Shell-Duncan. B,Hernland-Y;pg 23) The act of circumcising ladies has profound roots that touch all parts of the way of life that keep on dispensing it upon their young ladies. However,it still stays to be a training that damages the human privileges of influenced ladies in a good and moral sense since it produces mental torment, low confidence, messes with a woman’s sexuality and is a wellbeing risk. Mental torment The torment dispensed by F. G. M doesn't stop with the underlying system, yet regularly proceeds as a progressing torment all through a woman’s life. Exceptional agony and discharge experienced during the methodology can prompt stun. A 1985 Kenyan examination found that about 97% of the 269 ladies met experienced extreme torment during and after F. G. M and over 13% went into stun. As indicated by WHO, It is undeniable that any type of careful obstruction in the profoundly delicate genital organs establishes a genuine danger to the lady, and that the difficult activity is a wellspring of major physical just as mental injury. The degree and nature of the quick and long haul mental aggravations will rely upon the girl’s inward guards, the predominant mental condition, and a large group of different variables. The family no uncertainty puts forth a valiant effort to moderate the difficult impacts of the activity; in any case, they fundamentally experience overpowering encounters. Indeed, even before the activity, the danger of ‘cutting’ and dread inciting circumstance may upset the psychological condition of the kid to the extent that it causes stress, tension, restlessness, bad dreams or frenzy. As foreseeing precautionary measures against these tensions the family usually utilizes different types of customary magi co-strict practice, for example, fumigation, or the wearing of special necklaces. On a strict point of view, the sacred text recommends that exceptional endeavors be made to think about the individuals who are generally defenseless. (Deut 10:17-19,Ps 82:3,4; Ps24:11,12;Luke 1:52-54) Jesus encouraged that youngsters ought to be adored and secured. Therefore,the genital mutilation of little youngsters damages the scriptural order to shield kids and shield them from mischief and misuse Tampers with a woman’s sexuality. Sex can just happen subsequent to opening the infibulation, through medical procedure or penetrative sex. Subsequently, intercourse is often excruciating during the principal weeks after commencement. In spite of the fact that it is hard to check reports or women’s sexual encounters, physical intricacies from FGM regularly obstruct sexual delight. FGM annihilates a lot or the entirety of the vulva nerve endings, deferring excitement or debilitating climax. Cuts loss of skin versatility, or improvement of neuron (a tumor or mass developing from a nerve) can prompt difficult intercourse. In a 1993 Kenyan examination, 5% of ladies met experienced agonizing intercourse while 9. 3% of them announced having troublesome or unimaginable entrance, and that huge numbers of the wedded ones just acknowledged it just as an obligation. Sacred text commends the supernaturally appointed endowment of sexual closeness inside marriage (Eccl9. 9;Prov 5:18,19). The act of female genital mutilation ought to be revoked on the grounds that it compromises the creator’s plan for the experience of happy sexuality by wedded couples. For wedded couples, the endowment of sexual association might be additionally honored by the introduction of youngsters (Prov 31:28). The way that effective labor is compromised by FGM is extra justification for resistance to this training. Wellbeing peril. In October 1994, as a reaction to the call to Global Action,UNICEF gave an official order proclaiming that FGM is a wellbeing risk to kids and infringement of their human rights. FGM in any structure ought not be rehearsed by wellbeing experts in any setting including emergency clinics or other wellbeing foundations. Pointless strangely mutilation can't be excused by wellbeing suppliers. FGM is destructive to the wellbeing of ladies and young ladies and disregards their fundamental human rights and medicalization of the strategy doesn't dispense with this mischief. In actuality, it strengthens the continuation of the training by appearing to legitimize it. Wellbeing specialists ought to give all fundamental consideration and directing for entanglements that may emerge therefore. Gathering circumcision, where the equivalent unsterilized instrument is utilized on a few young ladies one after another, continue cutting and sewing expands danger of HIV disease. The Bible presents the integrity of God’s creation, including the formation of individuals (Gen 1:31; Ps 139:13, 14). God is the source and sustainer of human life (Job 33:4; john 1:3, 4). He calls for safeguarding of human life and considers mankind responsible for its destruction(Gen 9:5,6;Ex20:13,Jer 7:3-34). The human body is the â€Å"the sanctuary of the Holy Spirit,† and devotees of God are encouraged to think about and save their bodies, including the Creator’s endowment of sexuality, as a profound duty (1cor6:15-19). Since FGM is hurtful to wellbeing, threatening to life, and harmful to sexual capacity, it is contrary with the desire of God. Having talked about the reactions that FGM delays to casualties, different networks have thought of measures to battle this method, an elective soul changing experience in the deserting of FGM is utilized. It includes a four-advance system Preparation Seminars for the two guardians and starts are energized. The points will incorporate reactions of female circumcision, and get readied to go to a private course to expound on what the elective strategy involves. Real Circumcision In the elective Rite of section, genuine circumcision ought to be halted since we have discovered that it isn't important to make a lady a grown-up nor develop. The symptoms of F. C both short and long terms are to be maintained a strategic distance from if genuine circumcision isn't performed. Guardians can choose an educator and coach, for their little girl who will go with her to the private community for an elective transitional experience workshop. Disconnection. For this the young ladies will go to a private class for multi week from home. The start will be went with their educator and mentor. Ladies both circumcised and un circumcised from the network will encourage during the workshop. Extra subjects AIDS, STI’s, straightforward cleanliness and incredible ladies in the Bible, in network and in Kenya. Customs and ceremonies will be discretionary. Young ladies of circumcision age are somewhere in the range of six and twelve years of age. With the end goal of viable learning, the young ladies will be isolated into two gatherings; young ladies somewhere in the range of six and nine, ten and twelve. Graduation is required to be brief and beautiful. Tunes, dramatization, plays and sonnets will be supported. Guardians, people group pioneers, legislators and government authorities will be welcome to go to observe the graduation of entire young ladies. Authentications of graduation will be granted and supplications, endowments directed. Trade of presents for recently graduated young ladies will be done lastly the alumni will be given over to the community,chief,church older folks and group seniors. Since it’s a yearly occasion, boards are to b e built up to arrangement for the next year.

A Three-part IAP

A Three-part IAP Maybe I should preface this by saying “do as I say, not as I do”. I guess I’ll come out and say it: I skipped the first week of classes. Normally I would say that sounds like a really bad idea, but it hasn’t turned out to be so bad, and I had a good reason: I was in Israel. Going to Israel was only the last piece of my IAP this year. I spent the first week in Florida for winter training for crew, followed by almost two weeks on campus before heading off to Israel. Winter training basically means all the MIT crew teams ship out down to Cocoa Beach, FL, and spend 10 days rowing, eating and sleeping. And video review of course. It’s a great time to bond with teammates and get some sun in the middle of a gloomy winter. The boats, (photo taken by Joanie W. 14) And this is what happens when we do secret Santa (photo taken by Catherine C. 12) Back on campus, IAP was in full swing. On campus, IAP is a time when people take classes, hang out and take part in some crazy competitions that I don’t fully comprehend. For me, IAP meant that I was rowing, working in admissions (‘twas the season) and doing whatever my heart desired. I tried Mystery Hunt for the first time, but epically failed to help the team. I went to some seminars on GIS and Transportation Planning, which were really interesting (my subtle hints to get you to consider courses 1 courses 1 or 11 ), and also began an epic adventure with some friends to make things from scratch. During IAP we went on a snow day adventure to learn how to make our own beer and proceeded to set up our brewing station and watch the CO2 bubble away. We made ginger ale (much shorter fermenting process), hummus, zug (a Yememite hot sauce) and bread. The list, however, is much more extensive, but we’ll see how project completion fares with the semester in full tilt. There were also so me knitting parties that occurred, as everyone in WILG seemed to start a project over IAP (I personally learned how to purl and am finishing up a scarf; I’m hoping that my next project is a hat. Round needles for the win). Our very long list of things to make It seemed that no sooner than I had arrived on campus, it was time to leave again. I decided that this winter would be the best time for me to go on a Birthright trip, because you need to have flexibility in the dates you can go, which may not happen again for awhile. For those who don’t know, Birthright is a Jewish-Israeli program that sponsors free 10-day heritage trips to Israel, in order to increase knowledge about Israel and strength participant’s Jewish identity and connection to Jewish culture. Although there is an obvious bias in the programming towards Israel, it is a great way to connect people with other Jews and the Jewish culture. For me, it was an incredible opportunity to travel to Israel and do a whirlwind tour of the country. I’ve traveled all over the world, but this was my first time in the Middle East. During the course of 10-days, we covered nearly the entire length of the country, from the desert in the South, to the border with Lebanon in the north. I had chosen to take part in a program called “Israel by Foot” which meant that we had extra hikes included in our program. My favorite hike was in a place called Makhtesh Ramon, which is essentially a giant crater created not by a meteor or volcanic eruption, but rather because the rock collapsed under its own weight. We spent one night camping in the makhtesh and the next morning, we went on a hike along the ridge overlooking the entire crater. The trail we went on was part of the Israel National Trail, a hiking trail which runs from the North to the South of Israel (or vice versa). In the Makhtesh Water in the desert Other highlights of the trip were floating in the Dead Sea, seeing the Old City in Jerusalem and learning my way around an Israeli pharmacy. The Dead Sea is incredible because it really is as easy to float as people say it is; in fact, it would be very difficult, if not impossible to not float (some guys in my group tried to test this idea by filling their pockets with rocks). The Old City in Jerusalem is exactly the type of place I loveâ€"easy to get lost, full of interesting buildings, small markets and random rooftops. An unfortunate side effect of traveling on a bus with 40 other people for ten days is that illnesses spread quickly. Over half our group caught a terrible Israeli cold, which most of us are still fighting off a week and a half later. The bright side is that I now have Dayquil and Nyquil labeled in Hebrew, along with a multitude of other Israeli pharmaceutical products. Somehow the Hebrew makes it slightly better. A street in the old city in Jerusalem A view of the Dome of the Rock from some rooftops we stumbled upon Spending the first week of term in Israel was definitely worth it, and the repercussions haven’t been too severe so far (other than that stubborn Israeli cold). It was great to get out of the country again, which I hadn’t been planning on doing until after the summer, and to meet a great group of 40 new people. The term is off to a relatively smooth start so far, but that is best left for another day. For now, I leave you with some of my favorite pictures from Israel. The view from the top of Masada Women praying at the Western Wall The white city of Jerusalem A view of the countryside in the north of Israel At a beach in Tel Aviv *sababa means cool in Hebrew. Yes, it was a bad joke.

The impact of world war one on the homefront - social,...

The First World War impacted significantly on the homefronts of the participating nations in many different social, political and economic areas. There was a widespread restructuring of primary industry with a large orientation towards militarism. There was massive political change where new systems of power were introduced that gave governments a range of new powers including the control over industry. The civilian population had severe restrictions placed upon their rights and liberties due to the necessities that total war required. The scale of the war forced all sectors of society to change and adapt to the growing scale of the war. In 1914 the British government believed that the war would be a brief one and as a result there was†¦show more content†¦This was not helped by the lack of attention paid to agriculture by the German government and the destroyed crops of 1915-1916. Mortality rates for children rose along with those of adults and elderly citizens. This starvation and poor living conditions led to the general disdain for the war but due to the terrible losses and casualties already suffered it was thought that only victory would suffice to somewhat offset these hardships. Despite the massive arms stockpile that had been amassed by both sides of the conflict both sides ran short and had to drastically increase their workforce and number of hours that they worked. In Britain this was achieved by the formation of a three party coalition that has elements working to find solutions to this problem. The shortage of workers was largely due to the lack of men in the workforce as they were almost all enlisted in the army as soldiers. The deficit grew as the war went on when more and more men were conscripted and enlisted. A new workforce was needed to work in the jobs that they filled. Female workers largely filled a massive amount of these positions with a smaller number of prisoners of war doing farming work. For the first time women worked in large numbers in industrial factories, producing weapons and munitions for the men on the front lines. They often worked in difficult and dangerous conditionsShow MoreRelatedCanadas Homefront During WWI795 Words   |à ‚  4 PagesGreat War from 1914-1918 in Europe had a traumatic toll on Canadians. The soldiers in the fields were forever changed by the war but they weren’t the only ones who were changed. World War 1 had a significant impact on Canada’s homefront. The impact of the Great War on Canadian civilians can be easily seen through the increased rate and level of discrimination, growth of Canadian economy and the independence of women. The discrimination suffered by the â€Å"ethnic Canadians† increased during the war wasRead MoreThe Vietnam War Was A Long And Bloody1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe Vietnam War was a long and bloody one. The war began on November 1, 1955 and ended on April 30, 1975. The war lasted nearly 20 years. Over this period, 9,087,000 men from United States were deployed, 58,220 were killed and more than 300,000 were wounded. The war also killed an estimated 2 million Vietnamese civilians, 1.1 million North Vietnamese troops, and 200,000 South Vietnamese troops. The Vietnam War was the first war America ever lost and this lost would lead to a heavy impact on the AmericanRead MoreHistory : The Women s Movement1614 Words   |  7 Pagescontribution in the past and throughout history has had the greatest impact on shaping Canada into what it is today. Among many identifying qualities like being multicultural, bilingual, and world leaders, Canada is also country that has changed immensely in the way of becoming a country that has learned to accept women, move towards providing them with equal opportunities and treating them equally. Through economic, social and political movements and actions, the contribution from women and the women’sRead MoreNew Historicism: The Wasteland1519 Words   |  7 Pagesinterwar period. The decades were profoundly shaped by the dislocations of World War I and then the mounting crisis that led to World War II. These were decades of considerable dislocation in the West. Revolutionary regimes in several societies provided another source of change. New, authoritarian political systems were another response to crisis, particularly after the Great Depression, in several parts of the world. All of this occurred even as resistance to European imperialism was mountingRead MoreAnalysis Of Donald Trump s Presidential Legacy Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pagesno prior political or military experience, Donald J. Trump used his shrewdness, b usiness skills, and demeanor to plow his way through the election. His rival, Hillary R. Clinton, representing the Democratic party, lost to President-elect Trump. Her campaign advocated for unity, women’s rights, and goal to live up to Obama’s presidential legacy. One of the distinct idiosyncratic agendas America has seen, both presidential candidates ultimately represented opposite poles of the political spectrumRead MoreRonald Reagan - Psychological Eval1080 Words   |  5 Pageswas marked by economic turmoil on the homefront and an impending threat of nuclear war. An analysis of Reagan’s life history, from a psychological standpoint, seeks to reveal the significant factors and influential events that may shed light on how he acquired the distinctive characteristics and how the interplay of how these factors subsequently shaped the extraordinary person he became. It is necessary to consider the influence of heredity, certain family issues, social systems and environmentRead MoreThe During The First World War3114 Words   |  13 PagesReaction to the war: †¢ During the First World War, Australia supported Great Britain which meant that Australia was also at war. The conflict had an impact on Australia as a young nation, the following information are just some of the issues that Australia dealt with. The outbreak of war was met with huge enthusiastic support for Britain and for Australia to support by being part of the war. Support came in the form of political parties, churches, the newspapers and community leaders who felt thatRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy On The Cold War1855 Words   |  8 PagesJohn F. Kennedy was one of the most influential presidents ever; The decisions he made during the Cold War evaded the chance of a nuclear holocaust during his presidency. His had to make many life changing choices during his presidency. Many of them could have extreme impacts on the public s opinion of him, the American economy would be affected. And the war with the Soviets was extremely costly to create new technology to protect ourselves . John F. Kennedy influence on the American people wasRead MoreThe Between Politics, Media, And The Public Sphere1871 Words   |  8 PagesKarmasin, Gabriele Melischek, Josef Seethaler and Romy Wà ¶hlert (2013) believe it is evident that communication has led and still leads to war (ix). From the written and unwritten rituals of mutual respect and disrespect to the definition of legitimate violence and manipulation of the culture of war, mass media has dramatically influenced social, political, and economic societies (Karmasin et al, 2013) In their collection of works submitted by members of the European Communication Research and EducationRead MoreAnna Julia Cooper3214 Words   |  13 Pages Abstract Anna Julia Haywood Cooper (1859-1964) was one of the most influential African-American educators of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As an activist, author, and scholar, she dedicated her entire life to the education and empowerment of African-American youth and adults. Her commitment and passionate belief in the power of education as a vehicle to social, economic, and political freedom was a driving force in her life. As an author and feminist, Cooper wrote

The Impact Of Standardized Testing On The Achievement Of...

The definition of success and routes to success may be different, but it is undeniable that all people want to succeed in their lives. According to Malcolm Gladwell, success is seen as an achievement coming from hidden opportunities, effort, diverse backgrounds, or cultural legacy, in life. However, I believe education is one of the factors that contribute the achievement of individuals. There are flaws or inequalities in the United States’ education system, and one of these is the use of standardized test which is the issue that comes in between the individual and their successes. In order to increase the chance of success for an individual, standardized testing should be revoked from education because it does not measure the creativity and knowledge of students which play important roles for one to succeed. Standardized testing is not a reliable way to measure the performance because it does not measure the skills and knowledge in a more meaningful way like creativity, which plays a key role to attain high level of achievement. The tests contain a number of items whose comments and administration is done in uniform procedures. For the reason that most of the tests are multiple choices, the results of the test are reflected by intellectual ability; however, the test discourages creativity skill of students, which plays an important role to be successful. In Malcolm Gladwell’s book â€Å"Outliers: The Stories of Success,† he argues that the creativity of student plays anShow MoreRelatedStandardized Testing And High School Education888 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Standardized testing has swelled and mutated†¦to the point that it now threatens to swallow our schools whole† (Kohn, 2000). Comparing standardized testing to a swelling monster that is taking over the s chool systems is a bit of a reach but there is some weight to this statement. Standardized tests have become so frequent in elementary and high school education that they have become the most important tool that is used by school boards and colleges to determine a student’s achievements, but howRead More The Controversy of Standardized Testing Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesThe Controversy of Standardized Testing â€Å"No issue in the U.S. Education is more controversial than (standardized) testing. Some people view it as the linchpin of serious reform and improvement, others as a menace to quality teaching and learning† (Phelps). A tool that educators use to learn about students and their learning capabilities is the standardized test. Standardized tests are designed to give a common measure of a student’s performance. Popular tests include the SAT, IQ tests, RegentsRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Standardized Testing1120 Words   |  5 Pagesadverse effects of standardized testing.† Testing has evolved over time from basic reading, writing, and arithmetic to curriculum based on standardized testing such as the ACT, SAT, and TCAP. Many years ago, students did not have to take as many tests, and there were not as many opportunities for different types of classes. Schools have evolved as standardized test evolved, and this has forced teachers to evolve as well. As time progressed, the frequency of these standardized test increased and theRead MoreStandard Based Learning And Its Impact On Education1371 Words   |  6 PagesStandard based learning has led to the demise of public education for years. Standard based learning is an educational system that measures students’ achievement and mastery of skills by their performance on assessments. Institutions that implement standard based learning use learning standards that explicitly describe what students should theoretically know and what lessons that educators should teach. The learning standards were created to define the adeptness of the students, ensure the retentionRead MoreAre Standardized Tests a Valid Measurement of Student Learning?1358 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Standardized testing is one of the most passionately debated education topics in America† (Baxter, pg. 1). They became much more prevalent after the 2002 No Child Left Behind Act mandated annual testing across the U nited States. Standardized tests are used to assess students and teachers, however some people object the idea that the performance on a single test is a valid measure of what a student has learned, or what their teacher has taught them. In this paper I will argue that relying solelyRead MoreEssay on The No Child Left Behind Act1440 Words   |  6 PagesInitiated in 2002, the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001 intended to prevent the academic failures of educational institutions and individual students, as well as bridge achievement gaps between students. This act supports the basic standards of education reform across America; desiring to improve the learning outcomes of America’s youth. No Child Left Behind has left many to criticize the outcomes of the Act itself. Questions have risen concerning the effectiveness of NCLB, as well as theRead MoreStandardized Testing : Standardized Tests1186 Words   |  5 Pages Standardized Testing Impact Standardized testing is known to improve students’ education, but is it really needed in school? Standardized testing determines whether a student is prepared for the next grade based on their test scores. While some students do great on their test others struggle a lot. Not all students are good test takers; majority of the students do good in school but struggle when it comes down to testing. While many agree that standardized testing helps improve studentsRead MoreThe Disparity During The Performance Of Tests1035 Words   |  5 PagesOver the years, there has been a great deal of concern on the performance of certain groups of people on tests that are said to be standardized. The result has been under-representation of some of these groups due to the differences in performance, a pattern that has persisted over time. Some scholars argue that these differences are due to cultural differences, while others point to cultural deficiencies and deprivation as possible explanati ons. However, whichever way they look at it, it is obviousRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1286 Words   |  6 Pagesto graduate because of their poor scores on standardized tests. Students all over the United States are forced to participate in statewide standardized tests each year. Many claim that standardized testing allows for teachers to help their students easier, and that it holds school districts accountable. While school mandated standardized testing can be useful, statewide standardized testing is ineffective and negatively impacts students. Standardized tests can cause unnecessary stress on, alreadyRead MorePros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1647 Words   |  7 Pagesare being educated. Therefore , standardized testing was made to see how much intelligence a person has on a topic .However standardized tests don’t measure how people learn in a classroom . standardized testing is not a good way to test students because tests don’t measure an individual intelligence , tests should not be used to determine funding for school , the teachers cheat on the tests to protect the students ,and its ethically wrong to give a lot of standardized tests to kids . Teachers

The Age Discrimination Free Essays

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) defines age discrimination, or ageism, as organizational decision-making that takes into account the age of employees when making decisions of employee benefits (Sawyer, 2017). In the past decade, even more cases of age discrimination have surfaced, causing businesses and companies money, time and credibility. (Doyle, 2018). We will write a custom essay sample on The Age Discrimination or any similar topic only for you Order Now Regardless of age, employers should be judged based on their performances and qualifications. Though it is illegal, companies still act in unethical ways, offering different pay and benefits, job assignments, and even termination or layoffs because of age (Sawyer, 2017). As of 2017, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) reported that about 21 percent of discrimination complaints were regarding age (Doyle, 2018). Employees must receive the same benefits regardless of age, the only exception being when the cost of providing supplemented benefits to young workers is the same as providing reduced benefits to older workers (Doyle, 2018). Laws protect some personal rights, for those who believe they are discriminated against, and companies face serious consequences. The ADEA protects applicants and employees who are 40 years of age or older from employment discrimination based on age, and applies to private employers with 20 or more employees, state and local governments, employment agencies, labor organizations and the federal government (EEOC Publication). According to case statistics reported on the EEOC, there was an increase in the number of age discrimination cases filed between 2005 and 2015 (Sawyer, 2017). Google Inc, the infamous technology company, is known as one of toughest companies to land a job with. Google is also known for its start-up mentality and flat organizational structure, which means that there are few or no levels of middle management. Like all other companies and organizations, leaders at Google set the standards and decide whether the company will be ethical or not. Google found themselves fighting against age-discrimination lawsuits, having the first filed in 2007, followed by the second known case in 2015. These two cases offer insight into the implications of accommodating an aging workforce (Sawyer, 2017). In the first case, the plaintiff, Brian Reid was an employee who claimed he suffered age discrimination at the job (Sawyer, 2017). Reid claimed he encountered ageist attitudes from both coworkers and management, which resulted in termination after a performance review. (Sawyer, 2017). This caused Google’s reputation to become tainted, and they suffered financial costs. Work ethics and behaviors trickle down to employees, and Google was found guilty of illegally discriminating against someone because of their age. In 2015, Robert Health also filed a case against Google, claiming unfair employment practices and was convinced his age was the reasoning. Many workers want to work for Google because the company is perceived as one of the best firms to work for and the employees define the company’s capabilities, such as the capability to innovate rapidly (Meyer, 2017). It is pertinent for companies to create â€Å"age fair† work environments (Sawyer, 2017). Leaders create and shape company culture through their behaviors. The age discrimination concerns for Google are severe because it affects the company’s organizational functioning. Inclusive leadership means venturing beyond one’s own perspective, and always doing the right thing. There are solutions and options to reduce age discrimination, and Google, like other companies benefit from making better ethical decisions. If companies are aware of the law, have clear policies, evaluating employee performances, and training staff at all levels of the organization, discrimination can be avoided. It infringes of employees’ rights of fair treatment. Not hiring someone because they are older could potentially cost employers the years of experience and older worker may have. Workers may even be concerned that once they hit a certain age, they may lose their job or be terminated. Clear guidelines for employers and aging workers, alike, regarding their right and responsibilities need to also set forth to ensure a fair and age equitable workplace (Sawyer, 2017). The company also needs to proactively review on a continual basis and ensure non-ageist practices in the workplace (Sawyer, 2017). By doing so, this decreases the feeling of insecurity by the employees. Policies and codes of ethics are significant in businesses because they are essentially management tools for organizational values. Ethical leadership and reasoning can help companies gain the respect of employees and customers, which is an indirect link to profits for the business. Organizations that are effective, customer-centric, and employee-oriented, develop a clear, concise and shared meaning of values/beliefs, priorities, and direction within their organization (Doyle, 2017). Communication, integrity, inclusion, and sensitivity to the needs of the employees round out the qualities and characteristics of an inspirational leader. The capacity to impart enthusiasm, reason, and significance to others sets up the helpful culture of an organization (Heathfield, 2018). Promoting diversity in the workplace benefits employers because such organizational strategic planning promotes a positive work environment, which stimulates organizational productivity (Sawyer, 2017). Having this type of workplace environment allows employees to be divers in age, skillsets, levels of creativity, and open-mindedness. When employees have different perspectives and ideas are not uniformed, it allows diversity amongst the organization. If leaders respect all workers, give them access to the same opportunities, promote the most qualified candidates, and quickly address issues of stereotypes or unfortunate language, for example, it’s easier to create a healthy corporate culture. Organizations are denied to subject workers to unreasonable treatment or unmitigated segregation in view of these legitimately secured qualities (Doyle, 2017). Proactively avoiding age discrimination in the workplace requires organizations and businesses to incorporate discrimination and diversity training. Aside from training, it’s important to clearly define policies and set expectations for what will occur if a violation happens (Doyle, 2017). Because workplace ethics set the standards for the behavior of organizations, any type of discrimination in a company is seen as unethical. Discrimination is closely related to corporate social responsibility because this determines the moral behavior of the leaders and employees. Employers do not have the right to discriminate. The more developed an organization is, the likelihood of unethical behavior to occur is less likely. How to cite The Age Discrimination, Papers

International Environment Law

Question: Discuss about the International Environment Law. Answer: A recent phenomenon has been noticed where the NGOs working for the environment have been hypnotized by the multi-stakeholder dialogues of the corporate. To develop the image of being a good corporate citizen, the corporate organizations procure the help of the friendly NGOs to carry out the controversial activities, as a means to outsource the legitimacy in an effective manner. This is done as the environmental NGOs act as the moral stamp of approval for the activities undertaken by the organizations which are involved in emissions trading. This phenomenon was not limited to the conservative environmental NGOs, which had been neutralized as a result of the strategies of such corporate polluters[1]. An alternative treaty was designed to influence the official Rio Declarations, and this was presented at the original Earth Summit in Rio by the NGO Global Forum[2]. This was a visionary document where the declaration was made by the NGOs stating that there was a need for the climate negotiators to avoid such emission trading schemes which address the climate change problems in a superficial manner, perpetuate or worsen the inequities which are often hidden behind the problem, or which have a negative ecological impact[3]. In the following parts, this very statement of the NGOs have been analyzed and evaluated to present a legal perspective of the statement. This has been done by evaluating the legal framework of EU regarding the emissions and its emission trading scheme. The reason behind the analysis of the EU norms is to establish that the schemes of EU address the climate change problems in a superficial manner only and the spirit behind the statement made by the NGOs has not been fulfilled. The EU Emissions Trading System, or the EU ETS, is a cap-and-trade mechanism, which has been designed to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions, in addition to building a low carbon economy in Europe, in a manner which can be considered as both economical and environment efficient. On January 1st, 2005 the EU ETS was launched as a major pillar of the climate policy of EU and to fight global warming. The scheme covered the large emitters in the EUs 27 Member States, in addition to Lichtenstein, Norway and Iceland[4]. Presently, this number was increased to 28 Member States of EU, in addition to the three nations[5]. Under the principle of cap and trade, a limit in the form of maximum cap is set on the sum total of greenhouse gases which can be released/ produced by all the partaking installations. There is then an auction for free or action off of the allowances for emissions and these can be traded subsequently[6]. The installations have to compulsorily monitory and report the CO2 emissions, and ensure that they hand in sufficient allowances to the authorities so as to cover the emissions[7]. If the emission goes beyond the permitted limited made through the allowances, then the installations have to buy allowances from the others. Alternatively, when any installation performs well towards the reduction in its emissions, they have the freedom to sell their leftover credits. By following this, the system is able to find the most cost effective way of reducing the emissions, without any major intervention of the government[8]. There are a number of trading periods through which the scheme is divided. The initial period of EU ETS spanned from January of 2005 to December of 2007. The next trading period lasted from January of 2008 to December of 2012 and this period coincided with the Kyoto Protocols first commitment period[9]. The third period of EU ETS initiated in January of 2013 and would continue till December of 2020. In comparison to the time when EU ETS was initially implemented in 2005, the caps proposed for 2020 shows a 21% reduction in the greenhouse gases. Though, this target was achieved by 2014, six years before its targeted, as the emissions in ETS fell to 1812 mln tones[10]. But the figures fail to highlight the truth regarding the superficiality of adoption of these norms. The cap and trade framework created through the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 did provide a framework, but till now, very less has actually been achieved at this level. During the inception of EU ETS, there was a strong belief regarding the view that the global carbon trading would become a primary tool in the global emissions reductions eventually. Though these expectations seem to have been delayed, and there is also a possibility of these being dashed[11]. The journey of EU ETS has been a rocky road till now as it has been constantly subjected to close scrutiny by the media, and the academic literature[12]. Even though it has been accredited as an innovative, as well as, an adaptive policy instrument, and has experienced a steep learning curve during its initial two phases of inception, it has to face a number of setbacks, which have been documented time and again. These include the over allocation of the allowances which have led to inevitable price crashes, huge windfall profits from the generous free allocation, in addition to the issues relating to the financial frauds[13]. The commodity markets contain some or other form of illegal activities, but the carbon markets have particularly been susceptible to fraud. One of the main reasons is the nature of the commodity which is being traded. Unlike corn or oil, carbon is not a tangible product. The carbon permits covered under EU ETS are an explicit permission to pollute in the future, and this is estimated on the basis of proxy, instead of actually measuring the same. There have been a number of frauds and scandals, for instance the 5 billion VAT fraud, which involve stolen, as well as, re-used allowances. In the view of the EU Court of Auditors, this depicts that the financial side of EU ETS remains under regulated[14]. There is also a lack of clarity regarding the legal definition of the emission allowances, in addition to the lack of sufficient fiduciary control of the Registry of allowances, as well as the lack of proper cooperation amongst the national financial regulators and the Commission. The General Report on Activities for 2009 covered that the ETS market remained at risk to the VAT frauds. There was an estimate by Europol regarding the loss to carbon credit fraud, between June 2008 to December 2009, through the VAT carousel fraud, and this amounted to an approximate of 5 billion euro. There was a particular vulnerability of the ETS market to such cross border trading criminal activities. To deal with this issue, a directive was adopted, i.e., Council Directive2010/23/EU of 16March2010, which would give the Member States the possibility of implementation of a mechanism of VAT reverse charge, which would put the compulsion, on the individuals, to whom the allowances or other compliance units are transferred, to pay the VAT[15]. Though, this provision has been postponed till December 2018, i.e., Council Directive2013/43/EU of 22July2013[16]. When the audit was done, nearly one third of the Member States had ignored to implement the reverse charge mechanism for the emission allowance. So, the risk of VAT fraud over the EU ETS allowances still remains unaddressed in a proper manner by the European Union. When the Member States were visited by the Court, Italy was the one out of the five Member States who had not applied for this mechanism. The sole platform for trading of emission allowances in the country, had suspended the operations in December 2010, in the emission allowances market, because of the anomalies which were noticed in the fluctuations of the trading. In March 2014, there was a permanent shut down in the operations of the exchange. According to the National Registry Administrator and the Competent Authority, there was a substantial risk of VAT carousel fraud, at the time of the audit, which was happening in Italy as a result of the absence of implementation or adoption of the VAT reverse charge mechanism[17] . Another reason behind the superficiality of EU ETS is that it fails to reduce the emissions in a substantial manner[18]. In the decade since the ETS began operating, the greenhouse gas emissions of the EU have fallen and this includes the sectors which are covered under the scheme. Though, there is very little evidence to prove that the emissions trading have caused these reductions. The majority of the emissions which are covered by ETS accounts for the electricity generation, but the reductions in the electricity generation sector, is majorly due to the environmental policies, specially the green certificates and the feed-in tariffs[19]. Moreover, as per the analysis conducted by the economy-wide drivers regarding the changing levels of the green house gas emissions depict that the reduction in the ETS sectors can be explained in a different and complete manner, as a result of combination of the fuel switching, i.e. from coal to gas, the improved energy efficiency, increase in the renewable energy, and the economic downturn post 2008, in a response to the economic variables and other policies[20]. The EU ETS has the habit of undermining the other climate and emissions control policy. Often the business lobbyists put up the excuse of not fulfilling the emission norms, by stating those emissions have been covered by the emissions trading. This is the favorite refrain quote used by such individuals in the face of the proposed environmental regulations, and surprisingly, it has worked successfully time and again[21]. The EU IPPC, i.e. the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive was explicitly modified to exclude the CO2 emission limits for the installations (in terms of the industrial plants and the power stations) which were covered under the EU ETS, due to the fear that the same would result in reducing demand for emissions allowances, energy efficiency improvements, which ultimately would result in the weakening of the carbon prices[22]. In the same manner the Energy Taxation Directives revisions was firstly weakened, and then abandoned, due to the fear of it affecting the prices of carbon, and the loopholes which exempted the shipping and aviation fuels from the minimum tax rates where instead maintained, on account of the ETS. As per the leaked documents of the UK Government, this was done in the attempts to weaken the renewable energy targets and the energy efficiency measures, on the basis that these could possibly result in the crumpling of the carbon prices[23]. The Directo rate-General of the European Commission on the Climate Action warned in a notorious case against tougher energy efficiency measures due to the fear that the same could result in the carbon prices falling steeply[24]. A ceiling has been set by the ETS regarding the climate ambition. The ETS makes certain that the targets set for greenhouse gas emissions are taken as a ceiling on the climate ambition, instead of treating them as a floor for the same. There is a sheer lack of incentives for the nations to implement such policies which would encourage the organizations to surpass the stated targets, as this would open up the channels for the organizations in other nations to emit more. This is because of the principle of cap and trade of the EU ETS. The abundance of the allowances present in system makes it quite easy and painless for the nations to avoid any domestic actions by purchasing the emission allowances cheaply from some other place. Till the present time, the net results have been cancelling out the abatements which have been delivered by the other policies, for instance the Energy Efficiency Directive and the Renewable Energy Supply Directive[25]. This very failure of the EU ETS has been augmented due to the fact that the current emissions target of EU regarding a 20% emissions reduction by 2020 has been acknowledged widely as being very less, and this has generated a huge surplus of emissions allowances which would undermine the system way before 2020. This has been proved correct, as the targets were achieved six years before the target year. A Market Stability Reserve tried to remove such emission allowances temporarily, but this too fails to cancel them. After all such removals have been properly accounted for, there has been an estimate of 2.3 billion as the surplus allowances and these would remain to be utilized by 2020 as per EU ETSs principle of cap and trade[26]. Another reason why EU ETS has a negative ecological impact relates to the fact that this has failed to be a cost-effective measure and has only subsidized the polluters at the expenses of the tax payers. It has been noticed that since the implementation of the ETS, the businesses have passed on the carbon costs to its customers, which in reality, should not have incurred in the first place. Only a few of the big organizations have attained high amount in terms of tens of billions Euros, in the unearned profits by following this way and this has been shown by a number of academic studies[27]. The sector which has benefitted the most is the power sector, even though there has been evidence to show that he industrial sectors, specifically the oil refineries, have starting following the same pricing tricks. The heavy industries also have profited in a considerable manner from the excess in the emission allowances. This is evident from the hold of excess permits, which amount to more than 4 billion, under the second phase of this scheme, by the ten largest steel firms, as well as, the cement sector. Another source of unearned profits and inefficiency relates to the changes in the state aid rules. This meant that the public money could be used as a means to pay back the amplified costs of electricity, which are a result of the profiteering highlighted above. The chemical, paper, steel and aluminum sectors have the freedom of claiming up to 85% of these increased costs in form of the state aid. This figure is set to fall to 75% from 2019[28]. The emission allowances, regarding the free allocation is set to be continued. This is a major reversal as in January 2008, it was announced by the Commission that such free allocations would be put to an end by the year 2020[29]. And yet, as per the current reform proposal, this has to be continued and so the 43% of emissions allowances would continue to be handed out until at least 2030, for free. As per the Impact Assessment of this proposal, the free permits, which were handed out under EU ETS, is almost scandalous, as it could amount to approximately 160 billion Euros[30]. Hannah Mowat from FERN believes that no amount of structural tinkering would help in evading the fact that a wrong tool has been elected by the EU to reduce the emissions in Europe. The EU ETS is inherently weak and fails is getting the EU where it needed to be, in the given time period. These comments of Mowat were made when a report was released, which exposed the Myths of the EU ETS[31]. The report was published by the organizations which were signatory to the Time to scrap the ETS declaration[32]. Five major myths were highlighted in this report, which related to the EU ETS[33]. The first myth was that the best tool for reducing emissions was EU ETS. The reality showed a rise in emissions during Phase I of ETS. And the decrease in emissions in Phase II, were linked to economic crisis, and not EU ETS. No real shift has been noticed in the way the energy is used by the industry or the manner in which it is produced. The second myth was that ETS acted as a key booster of investments in low-carbon solutions and clean technologies. In reality, neither Phase I, nor Phase II triggered any transformational investment in low-carbon technology or sustainable renewable energy. As per the report, the ETS was incapable of triggering any regulatory action or transformation, which was needed for a just and sustainable path, which could be attained by a clear direct policy. The third myth covered under this report was that this was a system which was functioning as it was intended to do, and that it was a flexible solution. The reality was quite different from the myth as this system is an unresponsive mechanism and is cumbersome, and has even failed to achieve the objectives set out by it[34]. The fourth myth relates to the system delivering cost-effective emissions reductions. In reality, this system has failed to be cost-effective for both the consumer and public purposes. A question was also raised in this report asking to identify for whom the ETS was cost effective. The businesses have continued to make windfall profits, as they have passed on the costs to the consumers, which they got free of charge from the permits to pollute. This was put down as market teething problem, but even after such a long time, the issues remain and are only getting worse. The fifth and last myth relates to the positive thing that the ETS was working successfully. As per the report, the ETS was a paradise for the fraudsters, which fostered frauds, tax evasions and other criminal activities[35]. From the above analysis, a clear opinion can be formed that indeed the EU ETS was addressing the climate change problems in a superficial manner. Moreover it was only worsening the inequities and acting as a negative ecological impact. This is evident from the faulty cap and trading principle of the ETS, which allows the underperforming organizations from performing better by simply purchasing the allowances for emissions from others. Moreover, there is no incentive for the companies who perform better. Also, when any nation performs better, it only helps the non-performing entities, as they can continue breaching the emission norms by simply purchasing the allowances from the ones who perform well. This shows the scheme is defective, as it fails in actually reducing the carbon emissions, which help the environment. To sum up, the EU ETS addresses the climate change problems in only a superficial manner and this scheme has failed in fulfilling the statement made by the NGOs. Bibliography Books/ Articles/ Reports Bachram, H, Climate Fraud and Carbon Colonialism: The New Trade in Greenhouse Gases (2004) 15(4) Capitalism Nature Socialism 11. Laing, T, Sato, M, Grubb, M, and Comberti, C, The effects and side-effects of the EU emissions trading scheme (2014) 5(4) WIREs Climate Change 509519. Newell, P, and Roberts, JT, The Globalization and Environment Reader (John Wiley Sons, 2017) Parker, L, Climate Change and the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS): Looking To 2020 (DIANE Publishing, 2011) Others Ambrose, J, EU has failed to save carbon market from long-term gloom, say analysts (12 MARCH 2016) https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/03/03/eu-has-failed-to-save-carbon-market-from-long-term-gloom-say-ana/ Corporate Europe Observatory, EU emissions trading: 5 reasons to scrap the ETS (26 October 2015) https://corporateeurope.org/environment/2015/10/eu-emissions-trading-5-reasons-scrap-ets Denayer, W, Why the market approach fails to lower greenhouse gas emissions. Part 2: the failure of the EU Emissions Trading System (12 May 2016) https://www.flassbeck-economics.com/why-the-market-approach-fails-to-lower-greenhouse-gas-emissions-part-2-the-failure-of-the-eu-emissions-trading-system/ European Commission, Directive Of The European Parliament And Of The Council on energy efficiency and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC (2011) https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/sec_2011_0779_impact_assessment.pdf European Commission, Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC (23 January 2008) https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52008PC0016from=EN European Commission, The EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) (30 January 2017) https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets_en European Court of Auditors, The integrity and implementation of the EU ETS (2015) https://www.eca.europa.eu/Lists/ECADocuments/SR15_06/SR15_06_EN.pdf European Environment Agency, Application of the Emissions Trading Directive by EU Member States - reporting year 2007 (13 March 2008) https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/technical_report_2008_3 European Union Law, Council Directive 2010/23/EU (16 March 2010) https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:072:0001:0002:EN:PDF European Union Law, Council Directive 2013/43/EU (22 July 2013) https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:201:0004:0006:en:PDF Gloaguen, O, and Alberola, E, Assessing the factors behind CO2 emissions changes over the phases 1 and 2 of the EU ETS: an econometric analysis (October 2013) https://www.cdcclimat.com/IMG/pdf/13-10_cdc_climat_r_wp_13-15_assessing_the_factors_behing_co2_emissions_changes.pdf House of Commons, The EU Emissions Trading System (17 January 2012) https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmenergy/1476/1476.pdf Jones, P, Saving the planet or selling off the atmosphere? Emissions trading, capital accumulation and the carbon rent (2008) https://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/mi/1/mi1jones.pdf Laing, T, Sato, M, Grubb M and Comberti, C, Assessing the effectiveness of the EU Emissions Trading System (January 2013) https://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/WP106-effectiveness-eu-emissions-trading-system.pdf Lang, C, The EU Emissions Trading Scheme has failed: Time to scrap the ETS (16 April 2013) https://www.redd-monitor.org/2013/04/16/the-eu-emissions-trading-scheme-has-failed-time-to-scrap-the-ets/ Lang, C, Time to scrap the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (20 February 2013) https://www.redd-monitor.org/2013/02/20/time-to-scrap-the-eu-emissions-trading-scheme/ Nicolas, B, Benot, C, Emilie, A, and Julien, C, The CO2 emissions of the European power sector: economic drivers and the climate-energy policies contribution (October 2014) https://www.cdcclimat.com/IMG/pdf/14-10_cdc_climat_r_wp_14-17_power_sector_in_the_eu_ets-2.pdf Payne, S, European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (2015) https://www.theinfolist.com/php/SummaryGet.php?FindGo=european_union_emissions_trading_scheme REDD-Monitor, EU ETS myth busting: Why it cant be reformed and shouldnt be replicated (April 2013) https://www.redd-monitor.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Myths_internet.pdf Seager, A, and Milner, M, Revealed: cover-up plan on energy target (13 August 2007) https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/aug/13/renewableenergy.energy Spieth, WF, Reform of EU emissions trading system likely to fail (24 March 2015) https://euobserver.com/opinion/128119 The Economist, ETS, RIP? (20 April 2013) https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21576388-failure-reform-europes-carbon-market-will-reverberate-round-world-ets The Global Development Research Centre, Alternative Non-Governmental Agreement On Climate Change (2017) https://www.gdrc.org/uem/Trialogue/alt-cc-ngo.html UK Parliament, Energy and Climate Change (26 January 2012) https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmenergy/1476/147604.htm Heidi Bachram, Climate Fraud and Carbon Colonialism: The New Trade in Greenhouse Gases (2004) 15(4) Capitalism Nature Socialism 11. Peter Newell and J. Timmons Roberts, The Globalization and Environment Reader (John Wiley Sons, 2017) The Global Development Research Centre, Alternative Non-Governmental Agreement On Climate Change (2017) https://www.gdrc.org/uem/Trialogue/alt-cc-ngo.html House of Commons, The EU Emissions Trading System (17 January 2012) https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmenergy/1476/1476.pdf European Commission, The EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) (30 January 2017) https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets_en Larry Parker, Climate Change and the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS): Looking To 2020 (DIANE Publishing, 2011) Wolf Friedrich Spieth, Reform of EU emissions trading system likely to fail (24 March 2015) https://euobserver.com/opinion/128119 Will Denayer, Why the market approach fails to lower greenhouse gas emissions. Part 2: the failure of the EU Emissions Trading System (12 May 2016) https://www.flassbeck-economics.com/why-the-market-approach-fails-to-lower-greenhouse-gas-emissions-part-2-the-failure-of-the-eu-emissions-trading-system/ Peter Jones, Saving the planet or selling off the atmosphere? Emissions trading, capital accumulation and the carbon rent (2008) https://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/mi/1/mi1jones.pdf Stephen Payne, European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (2015) https://www.theinfolist.com/php/SummaryGet.php?FindGo=european_union_emissions_trading_scheme UK Parliament, Energy and Climate Change (26 January 2012) https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmenergy/1476/147604.htm Jillian Ambrose, EU has failed to save carbon market from long-term gloom, say analysts (12 MARCH 2016) https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/03/03/eu-has-failed-to-save-carbon-market-from-long-term-gloom-say-ana/ Tim Laing, Misato Sato, Michael Grubb and Claudia Comberti, Assessing the effectiveness of the EU Emissions Trading System (January 2013) https://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/WP106-effectiveness-eu-emissions-trading-system.pdf European Court Of Auditors, The integrity and implementation of the EU ETS (2015) https://www.eca.europa.eu/Lists/ECADocuments/SR15_06/SR15_06_EN.pdf European Union Law, Council Directive 2010/23/EU (16 March 2010) https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:072:0001:0002:EN:PDF European Union Law, Council Directive 2013/43/EU (22 July 2013) https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:201:0004:0006:en:PDF At 12 The Economist, ETS, RIP? (20 April 2013) https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21576388-failure-reform-europes-carbon-market-will-reverberate-round-world-ets Berghmans Nicolas, Chze Benot, Alberola Emilie and Chevallier Julien, The CO2 emissions of the European power sector: economic drivers and the climate-energy policies contribution (October 2014) https://www.cdcclimat.com/IMG/pdf/14-10_cdc_climat_r_wp_14-17_power_sector_in_the_eu_ets-2.pdf Olivier Gloaguen and Emilie Alberola, Assessing the factors behind CO2 emissions changes over the phases 1 and 2 of the EU ETS: an econometric analysis (October 2013) https://www.cdcclimat.com/IMG/pdf/13-10_cdc_climat_r_wp_13-15_assessing_the_factors_behing_co2_emissions_changes.pdf Corporate Europe Observatory, EU emissions trading: 5 reasons to scrap the ETS (26 October 2015) https://corporateeurope.org/environment/2015/10/eu-emissions-trading-5-reasons-scrap-ets European Environment Agency, Application of the Emissions Trading Directive by EU Member States - reporting year 2007 (13 March 2008) https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/technical_report_2008_3 Ashley Seager and Mark Milner, Revealed: cover-up plan on energy target (13 August 2007) https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/aug/13/renewableenergy.energy European Commission, Directive Of The European Parliament And Of The Council on energy efficiency and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC (2011) https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/sec_2011_0779_impact_assessment.pdf At 21 Ibid Timothy Laing, Misato Sato, Michael Grubb and Claudia Comberti, The effects and side-effects of the EU emissions trading scheme (2014) 5(4) WIREs Climate Change 509519. At 21 European Commission, Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC (23 January 2008) https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52008PC0016from=EN At 21 Chris Lang, The EU Emissions Trading Scheme has failed: Time to scrap the ETS (16 April 2013) https://www.redd-monitor.org/2013/04/16/the-eu-emissions-trading-scheme-has-failed-time-to-scrap-the-ets/ Chris Lang, Time to scrap the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (20 February 2013) https://www.redd-monitor.org/2013/02/20/time-to-scrap-the-eu-emissions-trading-scheme/ REDD-Monitor, EU ETS myth busting: Why it cant be reformed and shouldnt be replicated (April 2013) https://www.redd-monitor.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Myths_internet.pdf Ibid Ibid

Doing Fieldwork Among the Yanomamo an Example by

Doing Fieldwork Among the Yanomamo When it comes to such specific topics as the anthropological method of participant observation and the concept of culture shock, one particularly relatable article would be Doing Fieldwork Among the Yanomamo, written by Napolean A. Chagnon. We see that he starts off by discussing the presence of the Yanomamo, who are "thinly scattered over a vast and verdant tropical forest, living in small villages that are separated by many miles of unoccupied land' (1). Throughout the rest of the article we see how important he makes the fact of their habitat and manner of living, as he goes on to say that "They have no writing, but they have a rich and complex language. Their clothing is more decorative than protective...Much of their daily life revolves around gardening, hunting, collecting wild foods, collecting firewood, fetching water, visiting with each other, gossiping, and making the few material possessions they own: baskets, hammocks, bows, arrows, and colorful pigments with which they p aint their bodies' (1). Need essay sample on "Doing Fieldwork Among the Yanomamo" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Our Customers Very Often Tell Us: I've procrastinated to write my lord of the flies essay essay way too much today & I still don't wanna write it Our professional writers advise: Get Your Essay Before The Deadline How To Write An Essay In Mla FormatHow To Write A Research PaperMake An Essay For Me5 Steps To An EssayCollege Papers For SaleBuy Cheap EssayType My EssayCustom Essay Writing Service The majority of the article is based around the Yanomamo's style of living and what their social and personal lives revolve around. We are shown their conflicts and dilemmas, as well as their issues of warfare and welfare, and in particular, "The fact that the Yanomamo have lived in a chronic state of welfare is reflected in their mythology, ceremonies, settlement pattern, political behavior, and marriage practices' (2). In particular regards to the anthropological method of participant observation, we can see how this relates to the article in how Chagnon spent over 60 months living with the Yanomamo, and how during that time he ended up learning their language, submerging himself in their culture and way of life, and overall just becoming familiar with their personality and way of life. He collected data under some very trying circumstances and conditions, and some of which he explained as being significantly relatable to what anthropologists mean when they speak of culture shock, which basically refers to the feelings of confusion, distress, and often depression of well, which can result from the psychological stress that is caused by the body having to alter or change to adapt to an entirely new culture. Overall from this review we can conclude a number of different things, namely that the anthropological method of participant observation can be incredibly effective and rewarding, albeit difficult at the same time, as we have seen here, and also that the concept of culture shock is one that must be taken into serious consideration, especially when dealing with a completely alien culture, as was the case here. Works Cited Chagnon, Napolean A. 2 September 2007

Data Provenance in E-Learning Essays

Data Provenance in E-Learning Essays Data Provenance in E-Learning Essay Data Provenance in E-Learning Essay We live in an information age, where the volume of data processed by humans and organizations increases exponentially by grid middleware and availability of huge storage capacity. So, Data management comprises all the disciplines related to managing data as a valuable resource. The openness of the Web and the ease to combine linked data from different sources creates new challenges. Systems that consume linked data must evaluate quality and trustworthiness of the data.A common approach for data quality assessment is the analysis of provenance information. [1] Data provenance, one kind of Meta data, relate to the transformational workflows of a data products (files, tables and virtual collections) starting from its original sources. Meta Data refers to â€Å"Data about Data†. The workflows can generate huge amount of data with rich Meta data in order to understand and reuse the data. Data provenance techniques used in e for Different provenance Consumers In this they used an example scenario to express different provenance consuming type of users. They took power consumption forecast workflows as their example scenario.In this scenario there are three kind of consuming users: the software architect, the data analyst, and the campus facility operator. So they need different provenance model for each of them. The word â€Å"quality impact†, which indicates how the quality of a process affects the output quality, is then used to guide users on what processes and data objects they need to exercise more quality control upon. 3. 2. 2 An Apropos Presentation view Generally we use two kind classifications of approaches for determine suitable presentation view of the provenance: decomposition approach and clustering approach.Decomposition method is well suited for presence of granularities clearly defined in the provenance model. In each individual activity in the workflow, we identify the most appropriate presentation granularity to satisfy the usage requirement and to meet the user’s interest. When granular levels are not specified clear, clustering approach will be used. This approach incrementally clusters the initial fines for source data are the content of a document used for machine learning, the entries in a database used to answer a query, and the statements in a knowledge base used to entail a new statement. Other artifacts that may be used in a data creation are the creation guidelines, it is used for guiding the execution of the data creation. Examples for creation guidelines are mapping definitions, transformation rules, database queries and entailment rules. The data access centers on data access executions.Data accessors perform data access executions to retrieve data items contained in documents from a provider on the Web. To enable a detailed representation of providers the model describe in paper[12] distinguishes data providing services that process data access requests and send the do cuments over the Web, data publishers who use data providing services to publish their data, and service providers who operate data providing services. Furthermore, the model represents the execution of integrity verifications of artifacts and the results.A system that uses Web data must access this data from a provider on the Web. Information about this process and about the providers is important for a representation of provenance that aims to support the assessment of data qualities. Data published on the Web is embedded in a host artifact, usually a document. Following the terminology of the W3C Technical Architecture Group we call this artifact an information resource. Each information resource has a type, e. g. , it is an RDF document or an HTML document. The data accessor, retrieves information resources from a provider.Their provenance model allows a detailed representation of providers by distinguishing data providing services, data publishers, and service providers. [1] In paper [12] a provenance graph has represented as a tuple (PE; R; type; attr) where, ? PE denotes the set of provenance elements in the graph, ? R [pic] PE X PE X RN denotes the labeled edges in the graph where RN is the set of relationship names as introduced by our provenance model, ? type : PE ; ? (T) is a mapping that associates each provenance element with its types where T is the set of element types as introduced by our provenance model attr : PE ; ? (A X V ) is a mapping that associates each provenance element with additional properties represented by attribute-value pairs where A is a set of available attributes and V is a set of values They didn’t specify the sets A and V any further because the available possible values,attributes, and the meaning of these depend on the use case. However, they introduced an abbreviated notation to refer to the target of an edge in a provenance graph: if (p? 1; p? 2; rn) [pic] R we write p? 1 [pic] = p? 2. 3. 4 Using Data Provenance for Quality AssessmentFor assessment of the quality of data, we need to find out the information types that can be used for evaluating and a methodology for calculating quality attributes. In this research paper they have introduce a provenance model custom-made to the needs for tracing and tracking provenance information about Web data. This model describes about the creation of a data item and the provenance information about who made the data to be accessed through the Web. Most of the existing approaches for information quality assessment are based on the information provided by users.Quantitative approach described in the research paper [12] follows three steps: ? Collecting the quality attributes which are needed for provenance information ? Making decision on the influence of these attributes on the assessment ? Application of a function to compute the quality In this paper author has described information quality as a combined value of multiple quality attributes, such as a ccuracy, completeness, believability, and timeliness. The assessment method described in the paper [12] follows three steps. Those are, 1. Generate a provenance graph for the data item; . Annotate the provenance graph with impact values; 3. Calculate an IQ-score for the data item from the annotated provenance graph. The main idea behind these approach is automatically determining the quality measure for a data item, from impact values, which represent the influence of the elements in a provenance graph on the particular quality of the assessed data item. In order to design a actual assessment method for the above mention general assessment approach we have to make some design decisions. We have to answer few design related question to take design decision.Questions for Step 1: What types of provenance elements are necessary to determine the considered information quality and what level of detail (i. e. granularity) is necessary to describe the provenance elements in the application scenario? and Where and how do we get the provenance information to generate the provenance graph for a data item?. For Step 2: How might each type of provenance element influence the quality of interest? and what kind of impact values are necessary for the application scenario? For Step 3: How do we determine the impact values or where do we get them from? nd How can we represent the considered information quality by a value and what function do we use to calculate such a value from the annotated provenance graph? 3. 5 Using Data Provenance for Measuring the Information Assurance Data Provenance is multidimensional metadata that specifies Information Assurance attributes like Integrity, Confidentiality, Authenticity, Non-Repudiation etc. Each Information Assurance attribute may contain sub-components within like objective and subjective values or application security versus transport security within them.In the paper [11] authors have mentioned about a framework which is based on s ubjective Logic that includes uncertainty by representing values as a triple of . The model discussed in the paper [11] is an information flow model based on complex and simple messages about which objective information assurance attribute values are collected. This model incorporates the capability to roll up data provenance information over a multi-step information flow and/or over a complex message. These aggregation is called as Figures of Merit.Next goal after having the figure of merit and information assurance attribute values is to summarize these information in a simple visual icon which helps those who must act on information quickly to understand how confidential, authentic, and unmodified the data is, therefore it helps to make more clear decision when dealing with the data. 3. 5. 1 Framework for capture data provenance record A single Data Provenance (DP) record is created, each time a message was transmitted between agents, systems or processes. This record can be stor ed or it can be send along in parallel with the message.There are two parts of DP record, one is sender part and the other one is receiver part. Each part has a variant and an invariant section. Routing information to forward the message to the final destination is contained within the variant section, and it may change during the routing process. The invariant section of the DP record remains unchanged, the sender’s invariant section may include the following components: Identity of the Author of the message, Message ID, Timestamp, Message contents and type, References to other message IDs, e. g. attachments, Destination, Security label or classification, Outgoing Information Assurance values, and Hash value of the message contents. The receiver appends his own values to the record, adding Identity of the Receiver of the message, Timestamp, Incoming Information Assurance values, and Hash of the message body as seen by the receiver. The receiver may append a signature or an e ncrypted hash based on both the sender and receiver’s records. 3. 5. 2 Subjective Logic Josang’s Subjective Logic is used for modeling a flexible mechanism to calculate the confidentiality and this mechanism also helps to deal with uncertainty.Josang’s Subjective Logic uses three values b, d, and u, where b = belief, or the belief that the proposition is true d = disbelief, or the belief the proposition is false u = uncertainty, or the amount of uncommitted belief These components satisfy b + d + u =1, and b, d, u [pic] [0,1] 3. 5. 3 Implementation The models of information flow and of the data provenance at each point along that flow is captured in a semantic model. The target representation was the Web Ontology Language (OWL) with a rules layer above to capture domain inferences not implied by the formal models.Controlled English representation called the Semantic Application Design Language (SADL) is used as the authoring environment. SADL is a language that maps directly and unambiguously into OWL and Jena Rules or SWRL. An Eclipse-based SADL-IDE supports the authoring, testing, and version control of the models. Snapshots of the data provenance state of the Message are captured as instances of DPInfo. When a Message is sent by an Agent, a SenderDPInfo (subclass of DPInfo) captures relevant data provenance information.When a Message is received by an Agent, a ReceiverDPInfo (also a sub class of DPInfo) captures the data provenance state at receipt. In this model they have decided to calculate each of IA attributes individually. They have created a visual summary of the IA values, to support in the decision process. The IA values they used are Integrity, Confidentiality, Authenticity, Availability, and Non-repudiation. 3. 6 Issues in Data Provenance There are some open problems exist with data provenance. Those are Information management infrastructure, Provenance analytics and visualization, Interoperability, Connecting database and wo rkflow provenance. 6] Information management infrastructure. With the growing volume of raw data, workflows and provenance information, there is a need for efficient and effective techniques to manage these data. Besides the need to handle large volumes of heterogeneous and distributed data, an important challenge that needs to be addressed is usability: Information management systems are notoriously hard to use. As the need for these systems grows in a wide range of applications, notably in the scientific domain, usability is of paramount importance. The growth in the volume of provenance data also calls for techniques that deal with information overload.Provenance analytics and visualization. The problem of mining and extracting knowledge from provenance data has been largely unexplored. By analyzing and creating insightful visualizations of provenance data, scientists can debug their tasks and obtain a better understanding of their results. Mining this data may also lead to the d iscovery of patterns that can potentially simplify the notoriously hard, time-consuming process of designing and refining scientific workflows. Interoperability. Complex data products may result from long processing chains that require multiples tools (e. . , scientific workflows and visualization tools). In order to provide detailed provenance for such data products, it becomes necessary to integrate provenance derived from different systems and represented using different models. This was the goal of the Second Provenance Challenge, which brought together several research groups with the goal of integrating provenance across their independently developed workflow systems. Although the preliminary results are promising and indicate that such an integration is possible, there needs to be more principled approaches to this problem.One direction currently being investigated is the creation of a standard for representing provenance Connecting database and workflow provenance. In many s cientific applications, database manipulations co-exist with the execution of workflow modules: Data is selected from a database, potentially joined with data from other databases, reformatted, and used in an analysis. The results of the analysis may then be put into a database and potentially used in other analyses. To understand the provenance of a result, it is therefore important to be able to connect provenance information across databases and workflows.Combining these disparate forms of provenance information will require a framework in which database operators and workflow modules can be treated uniformly, and a model in which the interaction between the structure of data and the structure of workflows can be captured. Another issue which in data provenance is Data Citation, Data citation is about citing a component in a digital library that consists of documents and databases. More generally there is no specified way citing. In databases they use key for citing tuples. Docum ent can be cited using Url, universal locator of the document.Most major problem of provenance is invalidated citing due to update of the cited documents. To overcome this problem there are many solution but each with a problem. One way of solution is release successive version of database separately. But it needs large storage. Another way of solution is kept history of database to trace history of the components of database. But it is complex. As a solution of whole, by giving a date to url, at least the person who follows the citation will know whether to question the validity of the citation. 7] 3. 6. 1 DATA PROVENANCE AND FINANCIAL SYSTEMIC RISK Data Provenance is not only important in E-Learning environment but also play vital part in large-scale analytic environment to support financial systemic risk analysis. In financial Sector, Data should be managed as a strategic, enterprise asset. This requires active management of data quality, so that managers or CEOs of the organizat ion understand the quality of the information on which they base their decisions. So Data provenance is needed for make a financial based decision. rovenance information enables analysts to better understand the data and assumptions used for potentially vast numbers of simulation runs. Even though, it is not enough to provide data structures, query mechanisms, and graph renderings for provenance; one also needs a scalable strategy for collecting provenance. 4. Data Provenance and E-Learning Rather than thinking like â€Å"E-Learning is a new education method which uses Internet† , actual norm can be expressed as collaborating different pieces of technologies/products to make learning happens.This gradually leads to the idea of virtual learning environment. In E-Learning most of the resources which are related to the studies are gathered from web. So it is important to make sure that the information gathered from web is trustworthy. Some of the information provided in internet is not considered as proper reference. For example wikipedia. org, wikipedia is an online encyclopedia, for most of the google search result wikipedia will appear in the top of the search result, still it is considered as untrusted source because of the openness of it.There is another problem, some of the information would be truthful but the information is outdated, so referring to that information is incorrect. This is where the data provenance come into play. Data provenance can be used to get information about data creation, and the modification happened to the information. Using these information we can come to a conclusion about trustworthiness of the resource gathered from the web. Most of the researches in data provenance are done under the field of E-Science, but it can be adapted into the E-Learning environment.

An Appointment Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

An Appointment Letter - Essay Example In this paper we have to write an appointment letter to client recommending a contract type for a rural housing scheme and the reasons for the choice, for writing the letter we must assume some data i.e. we know the client and asking for an appointment and discussing the contract, therefore it is a Formal letter and the it is from an Architectures office to a client discussing about a Rural housing scheme in England. I refer to your letter/ our conversation [delete as appropriate] of the [insert date] regarding my Appointment as architect for the respective project. I request you to accept the proposal of this project as it will be a profitable project for you. Please consider the following points which will help you in taking decision. Land Availability: Land is available at a very affordable cost in that particular area, keeping this in mind we can buy land as much as we need or more than that, which will help us in future for different purposes. Availability of Raw Material: Raw m aterial is easily available in that particular area and it is also at an Affordable cost and as much as we require at the time we require it. Availability of labor: Both skilled and Unskilled Labor is available, who can operate machines we require for the construction. Easy placement of the design of the project: Even complicated designs can be made on the particular area, which is one of the biggest advantages.... area, which is one of the biggest advantages. Another important point that we should keep in mind is the availability of land and the importance of developing a rural area, as the land is available at a reasonable and cheap cost and the site is easy to build, so we can construct our own markets (Super Market, Shopping Complex, whole sale and Retailers shops of different house hold needs etc...) in that particular area which will be helpful to the locals living that particular and it will also be profitable to you.It is all together an Affordable housing Land supply, it is will prove to be a very good project as for the shortage of housing in rural areas. As the great majority of rural developments is small scale, it is likely that after development cost will be increase and it will be profitable. Finally the nature of Affordable housing development in rural areas is important. I once again request you to except the proposal of this project as it will be really profitable to every one included in this project and I hope the above points will be helpful to you in taking decision. I have written the terms and condition which will apply to the project are those set out in the ______ Condition of Engagement for the Appointment of an Architect (CE/99), two copies of which are enclosed. They are completed in accordance with the terms we discussed and negotiated with you on an individual basis. I should be pleased if you would check that you are entirely happy with them. Please consider the following conditions: 1. The law of the contract will be the law of [insert the relevant law, e.g.

Gender Discrimination in the Job Market in South Korea Term Paper

Gender Discrimination in the Job Market in South Korea - Term Paper Example Women in all countries around the world report that they are paid lower salaries than their male counterparts are. According to the International Labor Organization ILO report, women earn about 20-30 percent less than what their male counterparts earn globally (Monk-Turner and Turner, 2003). Surprisingly, a survey conducted by ILO found that South Korean women as being the worst discriminated in the labor market. The ILO researchers found that Korean men have continued to enjoy a higher economic return than their female counterparts do. For instance, a survey conducted in 1988 by the ILO found that whereas Korean men earned an average salary of 2101 won, their female counterparts only earned an average wage of 1009 won. This indicates a huge wage gap compared to the average wage gap recorded I n other countries around the world. This wage gap implied that for every 48 won that a Koreans woman earned, their male counterparts earned 100 won. This translates to 48 percent wage gap. The ILO report also indicted that, early on in 1980, for every dollar that a Korean man earned, women early only 45 cents (Monk-Turner and Turner, 1994). This was the worst ever wage gap recorded in this time in the entire world. Despite the affirmative action and labor policies that have been enacted in South Korea, the labor wage gap between South Korean men and women and women have remained relatively higher that the global average. Factors Responsible For Gender Wage Gap in South Korean Labor Market Many people fail to understand why the gender wage gap has persisted in the Korean labor market despite the increased affirmative action going on in the country. However, a number of theories exist that may help in understanding the persistence of gender wage gap in the South Korean... Currently, Korea boasts to being the home of some of the leading electronic companies in the world. Some of the leading South Korean companies include Samsung and LG. Despite the achievements that the country has made in the past few years, gender discrimination remains one of the biggest challenges facing its labor market. Monk-Turner and Turner (2003) indicated that most companies in the country discriminate against the female gender. South Korean women face different kinds of discrimination in the labor market. This includes unemployment, low salary, promotion problems, and lack of consideration for managerial position. Gender discrimination in employment remains one of the major challenges that most women face in the present day society. Even though most countries have made significant achievement in empowering women to participate in the country’s development by attaining better education and getting good jobs, women are still discriminated against in employment in many countries the world over. This is particularly so in South Korea where most employers still see women as being inferior to their male counterparts. However, it is high time South Korean employers start according women equal treatment by giving them an equal opportunity as their male counterparts. This is because women too are productive just as men. In addition, the South Korean government needs to promote the involvement of women in employment without bias. The involvement of women in employment will certainly help boost the South Korean economy.

Americanah: Analysis of Language and Accents

Americanah: Analysis of Language and Accents Americanah ISU Part 2 (Plot Summary) Pg. 1 Ifemelu speaks without the fake accent for the first time when taking a train to Aunty Ujus house. While on the train she meets Blaine, a Black American man, and they spend the trip talking. Blaine gives Ifemelu his phone number, but he never calls her back. The chapter is finished when a blog post about American Tribalism. Ifemelu says in her blog that there are four kinds of tribes in America: class, ideology, religion, and race. In chapter 18, it returns to the present day. Mariama has a new customer who notices a stack of Nigerian magazines and says that Nigerians are known for being criminals. The story again returns to the past. Kimberly introduces Curt and Ifemelu. The two begin to date and Curt tells her he his wealthy and his family has been hoteliers for hundreds of years. Kimberly is happy that the two are dating. Curt tells Ifemelu she is beautiful and he loves her body. She sometimes thinks of Obinze when they are together, but she tries not to compare them. Ifemelu is happy with Curt who spoils her with money and attention. Chapter 19, Graduation is drawing near, but Ifemelu isnt certain what she wants to do. Curt sets up an interview for her with a company that will help her get a work visa and start the process to get a green card. Ifemelu removes her braids and relaxes her hair. She does well at the interview and wonders if things would have gone so well if shed gone in with her natural hair. Chapter 20 starts with Ifemelu living in Baltimore. Ifemelu has her own apartment, but she spends most of her time at Curts. She continues to relax her hair and it begins to fall out of the temples. Wambui convinces her to cut her hair and let it go natural. Ifemelu cuts her hair very short and hates it. She is embarrassed by her hair and calls in sick to work the next day. The chapter ends with a blog post titled Why Dark-Skinned Black Women Both American and Non-American Love Barack Obama. In the post she says that black men like their women to be lighter skinned, but Obama married a woman who is not light skinned, so women like him. Chapter 21 begins on a Sunday morning with a call from Aunty Uju complaining about what Dike wants to wear to church. Uju is certain they will be talked about if he doesnt dress properly and shes been telling him to tone it down in school so he doesnt look so different. Ifemelu convinces Dike to wear the shirt his mother has chosen and says shell bring Curt to meet him on the weekend. The blog post at the end of the chapter is about how Non-American Blacks become black when they come to America and along with that comes all of the stereotypes and racial issues. In Chapter 22, Ifemelu runs into Kayode in a mall. Kayode tells her Obinze asked him to look her up and she feels numb at the mention of Obinzes name. Kayode tells her Obinze is in England and she feels betrayed to find out there have been changes to his life that she didnt know about. She tells Kayode she is with her boyfriend and walks away. She tells Curt she ran into a friend from high school, but wont say more. He asks if it was an old boyfriend because she seems upset. She says not, but refuses to explain. In Chapter 23, the focus of the novel shifts to Obinzes past when he lived in London. He is not there legally, so he cannot work. Obinze realizes Cleotilde is attracted to him and he asks her for her phone number. The Angolans say he should call them. Obinze gives Cleotilde his number asking if shed like to get together with him, and she says yes. Once in England, Obinze takes a job cleaning bathrooms, but quits when he walks into a stall to find someone has defecated on a toilet lid. He feels like the person who has done this was staging a performance somehow and it makes him feel small. Obinze and Ojiugo have a conversation about accents and Obinze wonders if Nigerians are more forgiving of their children raised in England because they have foreign accents. Chapter 25 talks about what drew Obinze to be friends with Emenike when they were in high school. Emenike was a sharp boy who was eager to be seen as someone who knew things and was of a higher class than he really was Obinze calls Emenike when he arrives in England, but Emenike puts him off repeatedly saying he is busy with work and travel. Obinze realizes Emenike has changed and will not help him get an NI number so he can work. He calls another friend, Iloba, who has always treated Obinze as a kinsman. Iloba puts Obinze in touch with a man named Vincent who agrees to let Obinze use his NI number in exchange for thirty-five percent of his pay. In Chapter 26, Obinze is working at various jobs under the name of Vincent. He works a job in a warehouse where Roy Snell, an Englishman, is his boss. Roy treats him kindly and Obinze fits in well with the other workers. Obinze realizes that Nigels reaction has to do with the mans accent and that if he had spoken differently, Nigel would have complained about not receiving a tip. Chapter 31 shifts back to Ifemelus past. She has just broken up with Curt after having cheated on him with a man who lives in her apartment complex. She tells Ginika the relationship just didnt feel right. Ifemelu tries to reconcile with Curt, but he will not talk to her. She finally accepts the end of the relationship and thinks there must be something wrong with her. She feels like she doesnt completely know herself. In Chapter 32, Aunty Uju tells Ifemelu she has joined African Doctors for Africa and met a man named Kweku who is also a doctor. She says he treats her like a princess and reminds her that Curt treated her that way, too. Kweku also treats Dike well, which makes Ifemelu like him. When Ifemelu tells Dike she has broke up with Curt, he asks her if shell be okay and brings her a tray with a banana and a can of peanuts on it. Chapter 33 begins by talking about how Ifemelus blog has grown. She has gained many readers and is receiving donations from people who want to support the blog. She is also being paid to advertise on her blog. She is immersed in the blog and checks her email often and eagerly. Ifemelu also begins being invited to speak at diversity conferences. Americanah ISU Part 2 (Literary Analysis) Pg.3 Books: Books are a symbol of a better life. Obinze is, from the start, a great lover of books. He is particularly fond of American novels as a teen because he aspires to move to America where he believes he will have a better life. Later, when he is living in England as an illegal immigrant, his escape from his bleak reality is found in bookstores where he treats himself to an expensive coffee and sits among the books reading as much as he can. Ifemelu becomes a lover of books, too, after she moves to America and Obinze encourages her to read more American novels to learn more about the culture there. She goes to the library and loves it there where the books are in great shape and have all their pages, unlike the books she had in Nigeria. When Obinze and Ifemelu are reunited in Nigeria, their first meeting takes place at a bookstore called Jazzhole. Ifemelu tells Obinze shes going there to buy a book and he meets her there where their new journey toward a better life together begins. . Accents: Accents are a symbol of a persons place in society. Ifemelu first learns this when she registers for her college classes and is treated like she is unintelligent and cant understand English because of her Nigerian accent. After that, she adopts an American accent for a time. While in England, Obinze clearly sees how people are treated differently based on their accents. He wonders if his cousin and his cousins wife are easier on their kids because they have English accents. And, during one delivery for the warehouse he works at, he and Nigel meet a very shabby looking man who speaks with a posh English accent. In spite of his looks, Nigel says the man is a real gent and Obinze realizes Nigel reacts to the man in that manner because of the mans accent. American sitcoms: The American sitcoms that Ifemelu grows up watching symbolize the life she thinks she will have when she moves to America. These shows feature affluent black families and Ifemelu believes that is how Uju is living in America and that is how she will live, too. However, when she arrives in America, Ifemelu discovers thats not the case at all. Uju is working three jobs to support herself and Dike while she attends school. She is tired and has let her appearance go. Ifemelu is initially unable to find work and lives in poverty, even degrading herself just to pay the rent. She also encounters issues of race that she never saw on the sitcoms. She discovers that Black Americans are often treated as though they are of a lower class than White Americans. In fact, she never identified as Black until she moved to America. Blogs: Ifemelus blogs represent freedom for her. Through Ifemelus blog writing, she is financially secure and free to live a life that is not dependent on a man like Ujus life with The General or Ranyinudos life with Don. The blogs also give her the freedom to express herself and talk about topics that are of interest to her. This freedom is the main reason Ifemelu quits her job at Zoe to start her second blog. Americanah ISU Part 1 (Quotation Analysis) Pg. 5 This was his weekly treat; to visit the bookshop, buy an overpriced caffeinated drink, read as much as he could for free, and become Obinze again. Narrator (Part 3, Chapter 27 paragraph 1) In the novel, books are a symbol of a better life. When Obinze is living in England with little money and a fear of being deported, he finds comfort among books and is able to regain something of his old life and dignity there. Their union was leached of passion, but there was a new passion, outside of themselves, that united them in intimacy they had never had before, an unfixed, unspoken, intuitive intimacy: Barack Obama. They agreed, without any prodding, without the shadows of obligation or compromise, on Barack Obama. Narrator (Part 4, Chapter 40 paragraph 1) This quote is a foreshadowing of the demise of Ifemelus and Blaines relationship. After they get back together following the argument about the protest Ifemelu failed to attend, the only thing they truly agree on is that they both want Barack Obama to be elected president. However, the relationship is never the same again, making it easy for Ifemelu to leave Blaine behind when she returns to Nigeria. I worry that she will end up like many women in Lagos who define their lives by men they can never truly have, crippled by their culture of dependence, with desperation in their eyes and designer handbags on their wrists. Ifemelu (Part 7, Chapter 50 paragraph Part 7, Chapter 50) This quote comes from a blog post that Ifemelu writes for her blog in Nigeria. It is about Ranyinudos relationship with Don, but could just as easily have been said about Aunty Uju when she was with The General. The quote is significant to the theme of the role of women since this is one of the choices Ifemelu could have made for her life. At the Abuja airport on his way back to Lagos, he thought of going to the international wing instead, buying a ticket to somewhere improbable, like Malabo. Then he felt a passing self-disgust because he would not, of course, do it; he would instead do what he was expected to do. Narrator (Part 7, Chapter 54 paragraph 23) This quotation shows Obinzes desire to leave his marriage and change his life, but feeling as though he cannot because he has a responsibility to his wife and daughter. It shows his internal struggle with the direction his life should take.